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. 2025 Feb 6;25:83. doi: 10.1186/s12877-025-05685-3
First author Published year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Research question or objective clearly stated? Study population clearly specified and defined? Participation rate of eligible persons ≥ 50%? Subjects selected or recruited from the same or similar population? Sample size justification, power description or variance and effect estimates provided? Exposure(s) of interest measured prior to outcome(s)? Time frame sufficient for outcome to be shown if present?
Atrsaei 2021 Yes Yes Yes Yes NR Yes Yes
Bento 2010 Yes Yes NR Yes No No No
Chan 2007 Yes Yes Yes Yes NR Yes Yes
Cheng 2014 Yes No NR Yes No No No
Crozara 2013 Yes Yes NR Yes No No No
Crozara 2016 Yes Yes NR Yes Yes No No
Dietzel 2015 Yes Yes NR Yes No No No
Ejupi 2017 Yes Yes NR Yes No No No
Hsieh 2023 Yes Yes NR Yes NR Yes Yes
Kamo 2019 Yes Yes Yes Yes NR No No
Kemoun 2002 Yes Yes NR Yes No Yes Yes
Kera 2020 Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes
LaRoche 2010 Yes No NR No No No No
Palmer 2015 Yes Yes NR Yes Yes No No
Parsons 2020 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes
Perry 2007 Yes Yes NR No No No No
Porto 2022 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Ribeiro 2012 Yes Yes NR Yes No No No
Skelton 2002 Yes Yes NR No No No No
Winger 2023 Yes Yes Yes Yes NR Yes Yes
First author 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Different levels of exposure examined in relation to outcome? Exposure measures clearly defined, valid, reliable and implemented consistently? Exposure(s) measured more than once over time? Outcome measures clearly defined, valid, reliable and implemented consistently? Outcome assessors blinded to exposure status of participants? Loss of follow up after baseline ≤ 20%? Key potential confounding variable measured and adjusted for? Overall score
Atrsaei Yes Yes No Yes NR NR Yes 10
Bento Yes Yes NA Yes NR NA Yes 7
Chan Yes Yes No Yes NR Yes Yes 11
Cheng Yes Yes NA Yes NR NA Yes 6
Crozara No Yes NA Yes NR NA Yes 6
Crozara Yes Yes NA Yes NR NA No 7
Dietzel Yes Yes NA Yes NR NA Yes 7
Ejupi No Yes NA Yes NR NA NA 5
Hsieh Yes Yes No Yes NR Yes Yes 10
Kamo Yes Yes NA Yes NR NA Yes 8
Kemoun No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No 9
Kera Yes Yes No Yes NR NR Yes 9
LaRoche No Yes NA Yes NR NA NA 3
Palmer No Yes NA Yes NR NA NA 6
Parsons Yes Yes No Yes NR No Yes 10
Perry No Yes NA Yes NR NA No 4
Porto Yes Yes No Yes NR Yes Yes 12
Ribeiro Yes Yes NA Yes NR NA NA 6
Skelton No Yes NA Yes NR NA No 4
Winger Yes Yes No Yes NR Yes Yes 11

NR Not reported NA Not applicable