| First author (Year) | Group | Age requirement (year) | Exclusion criteria | Definition of falling | Residence information | Mass (kg, mean ± SD) | Height (cm, mean ± SD) | BMI (kg/m2, mean ± SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atrsaei (2022) | NF | ≥ 65 |
1) cognitive impairment (MMSE < 24 or unable to recall 3/3 words from delayed recall domain of MMSE) 2) unable to perform the 5xSTS test without using their hands or unable to complete the 5xSTS test |
not specified | community | 74.2 ± 14.5 | 165.5 ± 8.8 | 27.0 ± 4.3 |
| F | 72.4 ± 14.3 | 163.8 ± 8.2 | 27.0 ± 4.8 | |||||
| Bento (2010) | NF | ≥ 60 |
1) joining any physical activity program in past half year 2) orthopedic or balance problems affecting gait |
1) unintentionally coming to rest on the ground, floor, or other lower level 2) with or without an injury |
community | 73.5 ± 16.1 | 157.9 ± 12.0 | 29.1 ± 3.9 |
| NF | 73.3 ± 4.4 | 157.5 ± 4.1 | 29.5 ± 3.0 | |||||
| RF | 75.8 ± 12.0 | 157.1 ± 7.4 | 30.6 ± 2.1 | |||||
| Chan (2007) | NF | ≥ 65 |
1) unable to walk without assistance of another person 2) with bilateral hip replacement 3) unable to participate or survive the duration of study |
not specified | community | 83.2 ± 13.3 | 174.1 ± 6.8 | 27.4 ± 3.9 |
| F | ||||||||
| Cheng (2014) | NF | ≥ 65 |
1) dizziness or vertigo 2) degenerative neurological diseases, stroke 3) lower limb fractures 4) cardiopulmonary distress 5) any sensory, visual, auditory, or cognitive impairment hindering testing procedures |
1) unintentional coming to a lower level 2) not caused by any external force or influence |
healthy | 60.8 ± 13.0 | not reported | not reported |
| F | 60.6 ± 12.9 | |||||||
| Crozara (2013) | NF | ≥ 60 |
1) uncontrolled cardiovascular disease 2) dementia or cognitive impairment (MMSE < 20) 3) balance disturbance (BERG balance score < 36), hemiparesis, pain in the lower limbs or trunk, or a progressive motor disorder |
any balance perturbation that caused the person’s body to have significant contact with the floor | community | 65.0 ± 12.9 | 155.0 ± 6.0 | 27.1 ± 4.8 |
| F | 65.9 ± 10.0 | 152.0 ± 5.0 | 28.5 ± 4.0 | |||||
| Crozara (2016) | NF | ≥ 60 |
1) MMSE score lower than that expected for their education level 2) orthopedic, vestibular, cardiovascular or respiratory problems 3) pain, fracture, or significant soft tissue injuries in the previous six months |
1) coming to rest inadvertently on the ground, floor, or other lower level 2) with or without injury |
community; living independently | 65.0 ± 13.0 | 155.0 ± 6.0 | not reported |
| F | 66.0 ± 10.0 | 152.0 ± 5.0 | not reported | |||||
| Dietzel (2015) | NF | ≥ 60 |
1) metal implants or artificial prostheses 2) edema or medications affecting water mineral homeostasis 3) unable to walk without a walking aid 4) unable to understand the study or follow instructions |
1) coming to rest on the ground, floor, or lower level 2) not syncopal falls and high-trauma falls (e.g., due to an external force like a car accident) |
community | Male 82.8 ± 12.5; Female 66.8 ± 9.4 | Male 172.4 ± 6.4; Female 160.5 ± 6.3 |
Male 27.8 ± 3.7; Female 25.9 ± 3.5 |
| F | Male 78.9 ± 15.0; Female 70.8 ± 11.3 | Male 172.3 ± 6.4; Female 160.9 ± 5.2 |
Male 26.4 ± 3.9; Female 27.4 ± 4.4 |
|||||
| Ejupi (2017) | NF | ≥ 65 | unable to walk with or without the use of a walking aid | unintentionally coming to rest on the ground, floor, or lower level | community | 70.2 ± 12.7 | 162.3 ± 8.9 | 26.6 ± 4.1 |
| F | ||||||||
| Hsieh (2023) | NF | 65—90 |
1) SPPB score > 10 2) dependent on a walker 3) serious or uncontrolled chronic disease 4) Montreal Cognitive Assessment score < 18 5) Taking prescription vitamin D 6) knee or hip surgery in the last 6 months 7)body mass index over 40 kg/m2 |
unintentionally coming to rest on the ground, floor, or lower level | community | not reported | not reported | 30.4 ± 4.7 |
| F | 30.1 ± 4.3 | |||||||
| Kamo (2019) | NF | ≥ 65 |
1) unable to walk independently 2) certificated as frailty status 3) severe cognitive impairment 4) severe cardiac, pulmonary, or musculoskeletal disorders 5) Parkinson’s disease or stroke |
not specified | community | 57.0 ± 9.3 | 158.6 ± 9.0 | 22.6 ± 2.7 |
| SF | 57.3 ± 10.0 | 159.1 ± 8.7 | 22.5 ± 2.7 | |||||
| RF | 63.6 ± 13.9 | 159.9 ± 7.8 | 24.7 ± 4.2 | |||||
| Kemoun (2002) | NF | ≥ 60 |
1) falling in the past year 2) neurological, locomotor or cardiovascular pathologies 3) taking medication known to increase falls |
1) unintentionally coming to rest on the ground from an upper level or on the same level 2) including falls on stairs and onto furniture |
community; living independently | not reported | not reported | not reported |
| F | ||||||||
| Kera (2020) | NF | ≥ 65 | nursing-home occupants or participants | not specified | community | not reported | not reported | 22.8 ± 3.4 |
| F | 23.4 ± 2.1 | |||||||
| LaRoche (2010) | NF | ≥ 65 |
1) severe arthritis, osteoporosis 2) uncontrolled blood pressure over 160/90 mmHg 3) neurological disorders, knee, or hip replacement in the dominant leg 4) severe heart disease or dysrhythmia |
not specified | living independently | 65.1 ± 12.4 | 160.5 ± 6.7 | 25.2 ± 4.1 |
| F | 73.7 ± 17.6 | 163.1 ± 6.2 | 27.6 ± 5.7 | |||||
| Palmer (2015) | NF | ≥ 60 | neuromuscular diseases or musculoskeletal injuries specific to the ankle, knee, or hip joints | any balance perturbation that caused the person’s body to have significant contact with the floor | community | 66.3 ± 16.3 | 157.4 ± 6.1 | not reported |
| F | 68.0 ± 16.0 | 159.7 ± 5.3 | ||||||
| Parsons (2020) | NF | ≥ 70 | Not specified | not specified | community | 76.5 ± 11.7 | 167.1 ± 8.9 | not reported |
| F | ||||||||
| Porto (2022) | NF | ≥ 60 |
1) history of falls in the previous year 2) musculoskeletal or neurological conditions 3) dizziness complaints, visual complaints impairing daily activities, or deficit in the protective sensitivity of the feet 4) cardiovascular or metabolic conditions contraindicating physical activity 5) low score on the 10-point Cognitive Screener according to educational level (< 8 points) |
unintentionally coming to rest on a lower level | community; living independently | 70.5 ± 16.1 | 158.0 ± 8.0 | 27.8 ± 4.5 |
| F | 70.1 ± 11.5 | 155.0 ± 7.0 | 28.9 ± 4.1 | |||||
| Perry (2007) | NF | ≥ 70 |
1) any cardiovascular disorders likely to be exacerbated by maximal muscle contractions 2) neurological disorders, musculoskeletal pathology in the lower limbs or spine affecting test procedures 3) dementia |
not specified | community; living independently | 70.4 ± 1.6 | 168.0 ± 1.0 | not reported |
| F | 70.7 ± 2.0 | 164.0 ± 1.0 | ||||||
| Ribeiro (2012) | NF | ≥ 60 |
1) unable to perform the sit-to-stand test 2) cardiovascular, neurologic, or vestibular disease, peripheral neuropathies 3) use of medication for central nervous system 4) MMSE < 23 |
1) unintentionally coming to rest on the ground, the floor, or other lower level 2) not coming to rest against furniture or a wall |
community; living independently | 62.7 ± 11.3 | 153.1 ± 8.1 | 26.9 ± 5.6 |
| F | 69.7 ± 7.7 | 154.5 ± 5.6 | 29.3 ± 4.2 | |||||
| Skelton (2002) | NF | ≥ 65 |
1) acute rheumatoid arthritis; diagnosed osteoporosis 2) uncontrolled heart failure or hypertension; 3) marked cognitive impairment; 4) multiple sclerosis, Parkinson s disease |
inadvertently coming to rest on a lower object | community | 64.5 ± 9.7 | 158.0 ± 3.0 | 25.9 ± 3.6 |
| F | 66.5 ± 10.1 | 155.0 ± 6.0 | 27.5 ± 3.1 | |||||
|
Winger (2023) |
NF | ≥ 65 |
1) unable to walk without assistance of another person 2) with bilateral hip replacement 3) unable to participate or survive the duration of study |
landing on the floor or ground, or falling and hitting an object | community | 83.5 ± 13.2 | 174.3 ± 6.7 | 27.3 ± 3.7 |
| F | 83.0 ± 12.9 | 174.3 ± 6.9 | 27.4 ± 3.8 |
F Fallers, NF Non-fallers, SF Single fallers, RF Recurrent fallers, MMSE Mini-mental state examination score, 5xSTS five-time sit-to-stand test