Table 3.

23 Concepts Present in 309 Items from Rating Scales Used to Measure Parental Monitoring

#	Concept	Examples of items tapping concept
		Item wording	Source
1	The parent asking the youth about plans, behaviors, feelings, or past events	“How many times has your parent asked you what happened after planned activities?”	PMI-DM
		“How often have you discussed with your child his/her plans for the coming day?”	SQ-PC
2	The parent checking on the youth’s behavior (e.g., looking at homework)	“How many times have you checked to make sure [youth] completed homework?”	PMI-SM
		“How often do you call your teen to verify that your teen is doing what he/she said he/she would be doing?”	CPP-P
3	The parent perusing the youth’s belongings, space, or phone	“[How often do you] check the content of your child’s devices/social media accounts”	PMTSR-MT
		“How many times has your parent looked through your drawers or closets?”	PMI-RM
4	The parent communicating with the youth’s friends, other adults, or neighbors	“How many times has your parent contacted your friends’ parent(s) to talk to them?”	PMI-IM
		“How often do your parents talk to your friends when they come to your house? (Ask what they do, how they think and feel about different things)”	S&K-SS
5	The parent setting, communicating, and enforcing rules about going out, staying out, and curfews	“Do you need to have your parents’ permission to stay out late on a weekday evening?”	S&K-CS
		“Do you have a set time to be home on school nights?”	SQ-C
6	The parent setting, communicating, and enforcing rules about problem behavior (e.g., drinking)	“My family has clear rules about alcohol and drug use.”	CCPFM
		“How often do you call your teen to deliver punishment or discipine?”	CCPFM
7	The parent setting rules about where the youth can go and with whom the youth can spend time	“How often do you set rules or limits on who your child spends time with?”	PMSR-RS
		“I talk to my child’s friend’s parents before he/she can spend the night at their house for the first time”	YLS-PM
8	The parent setting limits on phone use, internet use, and computer time	“How many times has your parent placed computer in an open area where it can be observed?”	PMI-CM
		“How many times has your parent set limits for phone calls?”	PMI-PM
9	The likelihood that a parent would catch an instance of problem behavior (e.g., drinking)	“If you carried a handgun without your parents’ permission, would you be caught by your parents?”	CCPFM
		“If you did not come home by the time that you were supposed to be in, would your [parent] know?”	SQ-C
10	The parent’s unspecified efforts to know things	“How much do you try to know who your child spends time with?”	PSMR
		“How much do your parents try to know what you do with your free time?”	PMPI
11	The parent’s knowledge about the youth’s activities, companions, and whereabouts	“Do you know what your child is doing on his/ her free time?”	S&K-KS
		“Where is your child usually in the evening?”	SQ-PC
12	The parent’s perceived importance and/or difficulty of having knowledge about the youth’s location and activities	“Is it important to you to know what your child is doing when he/she is outside of the home?”	SQ-PC
		“How important do you think it is to know where your child is?”	DL-PM
13	The youth telling parents about activities, events, and feelings	“How often do you talk to your parent or guardian about your plans for the coming day, such as your plans about what will happen at school or what you are going to do with friends?”	PMQ
		“How often do you call your parent to tell him/her about something good that happened or when you are happy about something?”	CPP-A
14	The youth seeking the counsel of parents	“How often do you call your parent to ask a question about something?”	CPP-A
		“When you have a problem, who do you usually go to?”	DL-PM
15	The youth keeping secrets or telling the truth	“How truthful are you about your whereabouts when you speak to your parent by cell phone?”	CPP-T
		“I keep secrets from my parents about what I do in my free time”	PMSS-CD
16	The youth following rules about going and staying out and curfews	“You stay out in the evening past the time you are supposed to be home.”	APQ-PM/S S
		“You go out without a set time to be home.”	APQ-PM/S S
17	Where the youth goes and with whom the youth spends time	“Where do you usually stay in the evening?”	SQ-C
		“Where do you usually go after school?”	SQ-C
18	Whether the youth knows how to reach the parent and where the parent is when the parent is not home	“How often know how to reach parents if they’re out”	OYS-CMR
		“Your parents leave the house and don’t tell you where they are going.”	APQ-PM/SS
19	The frequency of the parent-youth communication	“How often [do you] talk to parents about daily plans?”	OYS-CMR
		“I talk to my parent(s) about the plans I have with my friends”	PMS
20	Time spent together by parent and youth	“How often do you spend time with your parent(s)?”	DL-PM
		“Frequency do shared activities together with your child online or on social media”	PMTSR-MT
21	An adult being present with youth	“When [youth name] is at a friend’s house, how often do you think that a parent or another adult is there?	P-PMS
		“You go out after dark without an adult with you.”	APQ-PM/SS
22	The youth having established routines	“I had a set morning routine on school days (i.e., I usually did the same thing each day to get ready)”	QUIC
		“I had a set bedtime routine (e.g., my parents tucked me in, my parents read me a book, I took a bath)”	QUIC
23	Parent’s perception of the influence of the youth’s friends on the youth	“do you feel that your child’s friends have a good influence on his/her behavior?”	SQ-PC
		“do you feel that your child’s friends have a bad influence on his/her behavior?”	SQ-PC

Note. See Table 2 column “Abbreviation” to identify the scales listed in the “Source” column.