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. 2025 Jan 24;12:1433844. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1433844

TABLE 2.

Demographic and clinical characteristics of subjects at baseline.

Healthy control SCOPD AECOPD P-value
Patients (n) 43 43 64
Age, years 63.07 ± 7.87 64.12 ± 9.13 66.78 ± 7.43 0.732
Male, n (%) 30 (69.8) 32 (74.4) 49 (76.6) 0.051
Smoking history 0.094
Current smoker, n (%) 14 (32.5) 19 (44.1) 26 (40.6)
Ever smoker, n (%) 10 (23.3) 14 (32.5) 19 (29.7)
Never smoker, n (%) 19 (44.2) 10 (23.3) 19 (29.7)
Smoking index¥ 0 (0.350) 740 (100.960) 525 (0.900) <0.0001
BMI (kg/m2) 22.99 ± 2.66 22.59 ± 3.08 20.04 ± 4.00 0.357
FEV1(L) 2.36 ± 0.52 1.57 ± 1.46# 1.01 ± 0.32* <0.001
FEV1% pred 98.37 ± 14.55 52.49 ± 21.90# 45.9 ± 15.27* <0.001
FVC(L) 2.98 ± 0.68 2.60 ± 0.84# 1.90 ± 0.49*Δ 0.001
FEV1/FVC (%) 78.00 ± 5.58 50.34 ± 11.61# 55.64 ± 19.93* <0.001
Leukocyte count, 109/L 6.91 ± 3.01 5.75 ± 1.69 8.53 ± 3.6*Δ <0.001
Neutrophil count, 109/L 3.44 ± 1.30 3.46 ± 1.27 6.60 ± 3.35*Δ <0.001
Lymphocyte count, 109/L 1.65 ± 0.59 1.69 ± 0.54 1.21 ± 0.63*Δ <0.001
Monocyte count, 109/L 0.37 ± 0.18 0.40 ± 0.16 0.56 ± 0.28*Δ <0.001
Eosinophil count, 109/L 0.11 ± 0.08 0.15 ± 0.12 0.12 ± 0.16 0.264
Neutrophil, % 60.43 ± 8.94 59.37 ± 7.72 72.79 ± 15.84*Δ <0.001
Lymphocyte, % 29.72 ± 9.49 30.29 ± 7.88 15.93 ± 8.54*Δ <0.001
Monocyte, % 6.40 ± 1.82 7.11 ± 1.68 6.92 ± 2.79 0.315
Eosinophil, % 1.85 ± 1.13 2.62 ± 2.12# 1.62 ± 1.86Δ 0.016

Data presented as mean ± SD unless specified.

¥median (interquartile range). Smoking index, the number of cigarettes per day multiplied by the number of smoking years.

*AECOPD vs. Healthy control, p < 0.05,

ΔAECOPD vs. SCOPD, p < 0.05,

#SCOPD vs. Healthy control, p < 0.05. AECOPD, Acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SCOPD, Stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; BMI, body mass index; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in one second, FVC, forced vital capacity; mMRC, modified medical research council dyspnea scale; CAT, COPD assessment test.