Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of participants (weighted).
| Characteristic | All (n = 8,081) | Non-GS group (n = 7,232) | GS group (n = 849) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 213711302.55 | 190551072.20 | 23160230.34 | |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 48.17 (17.08) | 47.14 (16.97) | 56.71 (15.46) | <0.001 |
| Female (%) | 51.9 | 49.3 | 68.9 | <0.001 |
| AC (cm), mean (SD) | 33.73 (5.32) | 33.55 (5.20) | 35.27 (6.00) | <0.001 |
| BMI, mean (SD) | 29.81 (7.26) | 29.41 (6.95) | 33.15 (8.77) | <0.001 |
| Race (%) | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 62.9 | 62.2 | 68.9 | 0.02 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 11.4 | 11.9 | 7.3 | |
| Mexican American | 15.9 | 16.0 | 15.1 | |
| Other race | 9.8 | 9.9 | 8.7 | |
| Physical activity (%) | ||||
| Never | 23.7 | 22.9 | 30.4 | <0.001 |
| Moderate | 34.3 | 33.7 | 39.4 | |
| Vigorous | 42.0 | 43.3 | 30.2 | |
| Marital status (%) | ||||
| Cohabitation | 62.8 | 62.6 | 64.5 | <0.001 |
| Solitude | 18.1 | 17.5 | 23.2 | |
| Never married | 19.1 | 19.9 | 12.3 | |
| Alcohol consumption (%) | ||||
| Never | 6.4 | 6.3 | 7.1 | <0.001 |
| Ever | 15.3 | 13.9 | 26.9 | |
| Now | 74.7 | 76.2 | 62.1 | |
| Unclear | 3.6 | 3.6 | 4.0 | |
| Education level (%) | ||||
| Less than high school | 10.4 | 10.5 | 9.2 | 0.14 |
| High school | 27.0 | 26.5 | 31.1 | |
| More than high school | 62.6 | 63.0 | 59.7 | |
| Hypertension (%) | 32.0 | 30.0 | 48.7 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes (%) | 11.3 | 10.3 | 20.0 | <0.001 |
| Asthma (%) | 15.4 | 15.1 | 18.2 | 0.13 |
| CHD (%) | 4.1 | 3.7 | 7.1 | 0.001 |
| Cancers (%) | 11.1 | 10.2 | 18.6 | <0.001 |
| Smoking status (%) | ||||
| Never | 57.5 | 58.1 | 52.2 | 0.01 |
| Ever | 25.6 | 24.9 | 32.2 | |
| Now | 16.9 | 17.0 | 15.6 | |
| PIR | ||||
| < 1.3 | 16.5 | 16.5 | 16.1 | 0.006 |
| ≥ 1.3–<3.5 | 31.1 | 30.1 | 39.1 | |
| ≥ 3.5 | 41.5 | 42.2 | 35.8 | |
| Unclear | 10.9 | 11.1 | 9.0 | |
| Total Sugar, mean (SD) | 106.52 (78.42) | 106.74 (78.65) | 104.71 (76.58) | 0.58 |
| Total Kcal, mean (SD) | 2176.10 (991.73) | 2204.17 (1003.40) | 1944.24 (855.50) | <0.001 |
| Total Fat, mean (SD) | 89.74 (48.81) | 90.80 (49.31) | 80.97 (43.51) | 0.001 |
| Total Water, mean (SD) | 2497.22 (2384.69) | 2513.38 (2372.27) | 2363.89 (2482.38) | 0.20 |
| TG (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 1.58 (1.15) | 1.57 (1.17) | 1.67 (1.01) | 0.04 |
| TC (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 4.86 (1.06) | 4.86 (1.06) | 4.86 (1.05) | 0.96 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 1.39 (0.41) | 1.39 (0.41) | 1.37 (0.39) | 0.31 |
| LDL-C (mmol/L), mean (SD) | 2.89 (0.93) | 2.89 (0.92) | 2.88 (0.98) | 0.95 |
| ALT (U/L), mean (SD) | 22.69 (16.94) | 22.76 (17.07) | 22.07 (15.83) | 0.47 |
| AST (U/L), mean (SD) | 21.79 (12.70) | 21.87 (12.79) | 21.13 (11.95) | 0.20 |
| HbA1c (%), mean (SD) | 5.68 (0.95) | 5.65 (0.93) | 5.92 (1.08) | <0.001 |
| Ferritin (ng/ml), mean (SD) | 147.69 (161.34) | 149.64 (163.05) | 131.81 (145.81) | 0.01 |
“N” represents the weighted total number of participants.
AC, arm circumference; BMI, body mass index; CHD, coronary heart disease; PIR, poverty income ratio; TG, triglyceride; TC, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c.