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. 2025 Feb 6;15:4495. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-88460-z

Table 5.

Interaction effects of body Mass Index with other independent variables in influencing diabetes risk (n = 51315).

BMIa Wealth index1 Caste2 Education level3 High blood pressure4 Heart disease or Stroke5
Responses AOR (95% CI) Responses AOR (95% CI) Responses AOR (95% CI) Responses AOR (95% CI) Responses AOR (95% CI)
Normal weight Poorer 0.86 (0.83–0.89)** ST 0.75 (0.71–0.79)** Never attended schooling 1.02 (0.99–1.04) Yes 1.01 (0.98–1.03) Yes 1.73 (1.63–1.84)**
Middle 0.91 (0.88–0.94)** OBC 0.90 (0.88–0.92)** Up to primary schooling 0.90 (0.87–0.93)**
Richer 1.03 (1.00–1.20) Others 1.11 (1.08–1.15)** Middle school to higher secondary 0.87 (0.84–0.90)**
Richest 1.16 (1.12–1.20)**
Over-weight Poorer 2.24 (2.13–2.36)** ST 1.66 (1.49–1.84)** Never attended schooling 2.26 (2.46–2.66)** Yes 2.30 (2.22–2.39)** Yes 4.34 (3.88–4.86)**
Middle 2.30 (2.19–2.42)** OBC 2.10 (2.03–2.18)** Up to primary schooling 2.07 (1.98–2.17)**
Richer 2.39 (2.27–2.51)** Others 2.76 (2.65–2.88)** Middle school to higher secondary 2.41 (2.30–2.52)**
Richest 2.39 (2.28–2.51)**
Obese Poorer 4.41 (4.00–4.87)** ST 2.22 (1.75–2.81)** Never attended schooling 4.39 (4.06–4.74)** Yes 4.31 (4.03–4.62)** Yes 5.30 (4.39–6.41)**
Middle 4.29 (3.88–4.74)** OBC 3.79 (3.55–4.04)** Up to primary schooling 4.50 (4.12–4.92)**
Richer 4.39 (4.01–4.80)** Others 5.39 (5.01–5.80)** Middle school to higher secondary 3.72 (3.46–4.01)**
Richest 3.63 (3.34–3.94)**

Dependent Variable: Diabetes Risk: High diabetes risk (IDRS ≥ 60); reference category = Low to moderate risk (IDRS < 50).

Primary Independent Variable: (a) Body Mass Index (BMI): Normal Weight; Overweight; Obese; Underweight (ref).

Second Independent Variable/s in the models: (1) Wealth Index: Poorest (ref); (2) Caste: SC (ref); (3) Education Level: Diploma, graduate and other higher qualification (ref); (4) High Blood Pressure: <140 mmHg systolic, < 90 mmHg diastolic blood pressure (ref); (5) Heart disease or Stoke: No (ref).

ref = Reference Category; AOR = Adjusted Odds Ratio; CI = Confidence Interval; ST = Scheduled Tribe; OBC = Other Backward Classes; SC = Scheduled Caste.

*p ≤ 0.05 value **p value ≤ 0.01.