Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| First author (Year) | Country | Age (year) | Sample size (M/F) | Treatment intervention | Outcome of interest reported | Overall risk of bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Benli (2023)32 |
Turkey | (A) 39.1 (B) 39.1 |
(A) 30(6/24) (B) 30(6/24) |
(A) Massage (B) No treatment |
VAS MMO |
Some concerns |
| El‐Shaheed (2023)31 |
Egypt | (A) 26.2 (B) 26.3 |
(A) 14(2/12) (B) 14(3/11) |
(A) Low-level laser therapy (B) Stabilization splint |
VAS MMO |
Low |
| Emam (2023)62 |
Egypt | 21–44 | (A) 25 (B) 24 (C) 23 |
(A) Low-level laser therapy (B) Anterior repositioning splint (C) Stabilization splint |
MMO AE |
Some concerns |
| Aroca (2022)64 |
Brazil | (A) 22.8 (B) 27.6 (C) 29.8 |
(A) 13(0/13) (B) 14(1/13) (C) 14(2/12) |
(A) Ear acupuncture (B) Occlusal splint (C) Sham acupuncture |
VAS MMO |
Some concerns |
| Damar Örenler (2022)34 |
Turkey | (A) 29.0 (B) 27.8 |
(A) 15(0/15) (B) 14(0/14) |
(A) Manipulation (B) Stabilization splint |
VAS MMO |
Some concerns |
| Ekici (2022)63 |
Turkey | (A) 28.6 (B) 31.5 (C) 29.5 |
(A) 34(10/24) (B) 32(10/22) (C) 34(3/31) |
(A) Stabilization splint (B) High-level laser therapy (C) No treatment |
VAS MMO AE |
Some concerns |
| Rady (2022)33 |
Egypt | (A) 23.2 (B) 24.2 |
(A) 9(0/9) (B) 9(1/8) |
(A) Low-level laser therapy (B) Anterior repositioning splint |
VAS AE |
High |
| de Resende (2021)36 |
Brazil | 28.0 | (A) 21 (B) 22 |
(A) Manipulation (B) Occlusal splint |
VAS | High |
| El Zawahry (2021)69 |
Egypt | 25.0 | (A) 10 (B) 10 (C) 10 |
(A) Anterior repositioning splint (B) Low-level laser therapy (C) Sham laser |
VAS | High |
| Eraslan (2021)74 |
Turkey | (A) 24.2 (B) 30.3 (C) 28.3 (D) 23.1 |
(A) 20(4/16) (B) 20(4/16) (C) 20(4/16) (D) 10(2/8) |
(A) Low-level laser therapy (B) Stabilization splint (C) Anterior repositioning splint (D) No treatment |
MMO | Some concerns |
| Gikić (2021)68 |
Croatia | (A) 35.5 (B) 35.7 (C) 38.2 |
(A) 10(0/10) (B) 10(0/10) (C) 10(0/10) |
(A) Exercise (B) Stabilization splint (C) Sham splint |
VAS MMO AE |
Some concerns |
| Peixoto (2021)67 |
Brazil | 18–65 | (A) 15 (B) 15 (C) 15 |
(A) Scalp acupuncture (B) Manipulation (C) Occlusal splint |
VAS | High |
| Ram (2021)66 |
India | (A) 37.6 (B) 42.3 (C) 37.5 |
(A) 37 (B) 37 (C) 36 |
(A) Manipulation (B) Stabilization splint (C) No treatment |
VAS MMO |
Some concerns |
| Serritella (2021)35 |
Italy | (A) 48.3 (B) 38.5 |
(A) 20(3/17) (B) 20(4/16) |
(A) Acupuncture (B) Electroacupuncture |
VAS AE |
Some concerns |
| Shousha (2021)65 |
Egypt | (A) 26.2 (B) 25.7 (C) 27.3 |
(A) 37(0/37) (B) 37(0/37) (C) 38(0/38) |
(A) Low-level laser therapy (B) Stabilization splint (C) No treatment |
VAS | Some concerns |
| de Salles-Neto (2020)37 |
Brazil | (A) 37.5 (B) 41.4 |
(A) 16(0/16) (B) 16(0/16) |
(A) Acupuncture (B) Sham acupuncture |
VAS AE |
Some concerns |
| Madani (2020)71 |
Iran | (A) 32.0 (B) 43.0 (C) 35.0 |
(A) 15(5/10) (B) 15(6/9) (C) 15(2/13) |
(A) Low-level laser therapy (B) Laser acupuncture (C) Sham laser |
VAS MMO |
High |
| Pan (2020)70 |
China | (A) 34.2 (B) 34.5 (C) 34.5 |
(A) 25(11/14) (B) 25(10/15) (C) 25(10/15) |
(A) Manipulation (B) Stabilization splint (C) No treatment |
VAS MMO |
Some concerns |
| Calixtre (2019)40 |
Brazil | (A) 26.1 (B) 26.3 |
(A) 30(0/30) (B) 31(0/31) |
(A) Manipulation (B) No treatment |
VAS AE |
Low |
| Rodrigues (2019)39 |
Brazil | (A) 47.5 (B) 43.6 |
(A) 11(0/11) (B) 10(0/10) |
(A) Laser acupuncture (B) Occlusal splint |
VAS MMO |
High |
| Vrbanović (2019)38 |
Croatia | (A) 38.9 (B) 32.7 |
(A) 17(0/17) (B) 13(0/13) |
(A) Stabilization splint (B) Placebo splint |
VAS MMO |
High |
| Xie (2018)41 |
China | (A) 38.4 (B) 40.6 |
(A) 60(34/26) (B) 66(26/40) |
(A) Acupotomy (B) Acupuncture |
VAS MMO |
Some concerns |
| Hosgor (2017)44 |
Turkey | 30.4 | (A) 10 (B) 10 |
(A) Stabilization splint (B) Low-level laser therapy |
VAS MMO |
Some concerns |
| Huang (2017)43 |
China | (A) 37.0 (B) 36.0 |
(A) 40(17/23) (B) 40(18/22) |
(A) Moxibustion (B) Warm acupuncture |
VAS MMO |
Some concerns |
| Zotelli (2017)42 |
Brazil | (A) 38.0 (B) 35.1 |
(A) 20(2/18) (B) 20(6/14) |
(A) Acupuncture (B) Sham acupuncture |
NRS MMO |
Some concerns |
| Packer (2015)45 |
Brazil | (A) 23.5 (B) 26.1 |
(A) 16(0/16) (B) 16(0/16) |
(A) Manipulation (B) Sham manipulation |
MMO | Low |
| Grillo (2015)46 |
Brazil | 30.0 | (A) 20(0/20) (B) 20(0/20) |
(A) Acupuncture (B) Occlusal splint |
VAS MMO |
Some concerns |
| de Moraes Maia (2014)48 |
Brazil | 27.8 | (A) 12 (B) 9 |
(A) Low-level laser therapy (B) Sham laser |
VAS | High |
| De Paula Gomes (2014)47 |
Brazil | (A) 30.1 (B) 29.7 |
(A) 14(4/10) (B) 14(4/10) |
(A) Massage (B) Stabilization splint |
MMO | Low |
| Demirkol (2014)72 |
Turkey | NA | (A) 10 (B) 10 (C) 10 |
(A) Low-level laser therapy (B) Stabilization splint (C) Sham laser |
VAS AE |
Some concerns |
| DeVocht (2013)75 |
USA | (A) 31.7 (B) 36.9 (C) 33.1 (D) 38.0 |
(A) 20(4/16) (B) 20(3/17) (C) 19(4/15) (D) 21(5/16) |
(A) Manipulation (B) Stabilization Splint (C) Sham manipulation (D) No treatment |
NRS | Some concerns |
| Kalamir (2013)49 |
Australia | (A) 28.2 (B) 26.8 |
(A) 23(9/14) (B) 23(8/15) |
(A) Manipulation (B) Exercise |
NRS MMO AE |
Low |
| Itoh (2012)51 |
Japan | (A) 21.7 (B) 21.4 |
(A) 7 (B) 8 |
(A) Acupuncture (B) Sham acupuncture |
VAS MMO AE |
Some concerns |
| Vicente-Barrero (2012)50 |
Spain | 39.0 | (A) 10(2/8) (B) 10(1/9) |
(A) Acupuncture (B) Stabilization Splint |
VAS MMO |
High |
| Asai (2010)56 |
Japan | (A) 21.6 (B) 21.4 |
(A) 17(4/13) (B) 17(3/14) |
(A) Acupuncture (B) Sham acupuncture |
VAS MMO |
Some concerns |
| de Felício (2010)55 |
Brazil | (A)29.0 (B)34.0 |
(A) 10(0/10) (B) 10(0/10) |
(A) Stabilization splint (B) No treatment |
MMO | Some concerns |
| Gotou (2010)54 |
Japan | (A) 33.6 (B) 38.1 |
(A) 17(4/13) (B) 17(3/14) |
(A) Manipulation (B) Exercise |
NRS MMO |
Some concerns |
| Katsoulis (2010)53 |
Switzerland | (A) 34.0 (B) 28.0 |
(A) 3 (B) 4 |
(A) Laser acupuncture (B) Sham laser |
VAS | High |
| Öz (2010)52 |
Turkey | (A) 31.3 (B) 34.5 |
(A) 20(3/17) (B) 20(3/17) |
(A) Low-level laser therapy (B) Stabilization splint |
VAS MMO AE |
High |
| Shen (2009)57 |
USA | (A) 36.9 (B) 44.8 |
(A) 16(0/16) (B) 12(0/12) |
(A) Acupuncture (B) Sham acupuncture |
NRS | Some concerns |
| Mansilla Ferragud (2008)58 |
Spain | (A) 37.0 (B) 36.0 |
(A) 26(7/19) (B) 26(5/21) |
(A) Manipulation (B) No treatment |
MMO | Some concerns |
| Frare (2008)59 |
Brazil | 27.0 | (A) 10(0/10) (B) 8(0/8) |
(A) Low-level laser therapy (B) Sham laser |
VAS AE |
High |
| Smith (2007)60 |
United Kingdom | (A) 38.3 (B) 43.2 |
(A) 15(13/2) (B) 12(11/1) |
(A) Acupuncture (B) Sham acupuncture |
VAS MMO |
High |
| Mazzetto (2007)61 |
Brazil | NA | (A) 12 (B) 12 |
(A) Low-level laser therapy (B) Sham laser |
VAS | Some concerns |
| Al Quran (2006)73 |
Jordan | (A) 32.7 (B) 31.8 (C) 36.0 |
(A) 38 (B) 38 (C) 38 |
(A) Anterior repositioning splint (B) Stabilization splint (C) No treatment |
VAS | Some concerns |
AE, adverse events; F, female; M, male; MMO, maximum mouth opening; NA, not applicable; NRS, numeric rating scale; SD, standard deviation; VAS, visual analogue scale.