Table 1.
The kinetic parameters characterizing the inhibited peroxidation of sunflower oil, sunflower-oil-in water emulsion, and sunflower oil with lecithin in the absence (control) and presence of different concentrations of phycocyanin at 55 °C.
| Kinetic parameter | IP (h) | rAH0 (mM h−1) | F | WAH (mM h−1) | ORR | AA | Keff (s−1) | Wi/f (M s−1) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sunflower oil | ||||||||
| Control | 58.02 ± 5.53ea | – | – | 0.12 ± 0.01a | – | – | – | – |
| Phycocyanin (0.02%, w/w) | 110.33 ± 1.23d | 4.26 ± 0.51a | 0.45 ± 0.11c | 0.09 ± 0.02b | 1.82 ± 0.01a | 0.57 ± 0.20b | 8.96 ± 0.04ba |
2.10 ± 0.12a |
| Phycocyanin (0.04%, w/w) | 149.76 ± 1.29c | 3.77 ± 1.08a | 0.72 ± 0.12b | 0.10 ± 0.01b | 1.47 ± 0.02b | 0.85 ± 0.09b | ||
| Phycocyanin (0.06%, w/w) | 378.56 ± 6.75b | 1.70 ± 2.04b | 1.73 ± 0.82a | 0.06 ± 0.00c | 0.88 ± 0.01c | 3.11 ± 0.10a | ||
|
Phycocyanin (0.08%, w/w) |
404.61 ± 13.12a |
1.38 ± 0.72b |
1.82 ± 0.40a |
0.05 ± 0.00c |
0.81 ± 0.00c |
2.98 ± 0.01a |
||
| Sunflower oil-in-water emulsion | ||||||||
| Control | 40.53 ± 3.01d | – | – | 0.28 ± 0.04a | – | – | – | – |
| Phycocyanin (0.02%, w/w) | 72.25 ± 5.61c | 7.70 ± 0.61a | 1.80 ± 0.11d | 0.27 ± 0.01ab | 1.01 ± 0.26a | 1.70 ± 0.12c | 12.68 ± 0.35a |
1.73 ± 0.00ab |
| Phycocyanin (0.04%, w/w) | 111.50 ± 11.52b | 5.45 ± 0.92b | 2.88 ± 0.23c | 0.23 ± 0.07b | 0.90 ± 0.27ab | 2.89 ± 0.10b | ||
| Phycocyanin (0.06%, w/w) | 196.62 ± 19.02a | 3.88 ± 0.65c | 5.13 ± 0.12a | 0.13 ± 0.08c | 0.49 ± 0.08c | 4.13 ± 0.63a | ||
|
Phycocyanin (0.08%, w/w) |
165.48 ± 8.08ab |
2.16 ± 0.07d |
4.17 ± 0.07b |
0.19 ± 0.02bc |
0.71 ± 0.09b |
4.17 ± 0.41a |
||
| Sunflower oil with lecithin | ||||||||
| Control | 87.25 ± 6.06e | – | – | 0.14 ± 0.01a | – | – | – | – |
| Phycocyanin (0.02%, w/w) | 101.83 ± 3.11d | 5.89 ± 1.35a | 1.26 ± 0.14c | 0.12 ± 0.01b | 1.19 ± 0.11a | 2.98 ± 0.54c | 5.16 ± 0.00c | 1.03 ± 0.08b |
| Phycocyanin (0.04%, w/w) | 156.65 ± 4.60c | 4.10 ± 0.46a | 1.64 ± 0.85c | 0.12 ± 0.01b | 0.93 ± 0.22b | 2.19 ± 1.01c | ||
| Phycocyanin (0.06%, w/w) | 422.30 ± 12.10b | 2.60 ± 0.70b | 2.30 ± 0.11b | 0.10 ± 0.00b | 0.55 ± 0.22c | 5.64 ± 2.18b | ||
| Phycocyanin (0.08%, w/w) | 561.90 ± 7.45a | 1.12 ± 0.12b | 3.11 ± 0.48a | 0.09 ± 0.00b | 0.36 ± 0.00d | 6.60 ± 0.24a | ||
In each section and in each column, means with different superscript lowercase letters are significantly different (P < 0.05). IP: induction period, rAH: average rate of phycocyanin consumption, WAH: pseudo-zero order rate constant at the initiation stage, ORR: oxidation rate ratio during the initiation stage, AA: antioxidant activity, Keff: rate constant of antioxidant consumption in the side reactions of the chain initiation, and Wi/f: mean rate of initiation.
a
Mean ± SD (n = 3).