. 2025 Jan 22;10:100981. doi: 10.1016/j.crfs.2025.100981

Table 2.

Oxidation kinetic parameters of the propagation phase of sunflower oil, sunflower-oil- in water emulsion, and sunflower oil with lecithin in the absence (control) and presence of different concentrations of phycocyanin.

Kinetic parameter	n_f × 10⁴ (h⁻¹)	n_d × 10⁵ (mM⁻¹ h⁻¹)	T_max (h)	W_n × 10⁴ (h⁻¹)	PP (h)	EP (h)	I_f	I_d
Sunflower oil
Control	7.30 ± 0.19^a^a	10.55 ± 2.13^a	315.88 ± 11.24^d	18.07 ± 0.12^a	450.68 ± 12.71^d	590.05 ± 0.61^e	–	–
Phycocyanin (0.02%, w/w)	6.50 ± 1.02^b	10.63 ± 1.65^a	396.95 ± 4.67^cd	16.45 ± 2.11^b	471.95 ± 6.51^d	705.82 ± 26.51^d	1.12 ± 0.04^b	1.20 ± 0.06^d
Phycocyanin (0.04%, w/w)	5.20 ± 0.19^c	8.91 ± 0.06^b	515.36 ± 6.61^c	12.92 ± 0.09^c	756.17 ± 10.10^c	903.74 ± 8.27^c	2.01 ± 0.19^ab	2.27 ± 0.10^c
Phycocyanin (0.06%, w/w)	3.11 ± 0.89^d	7.20 ± 0.23^c	676.70 ± 7.59^b	12.10 ± 1.59^cd	859.24 ± 9.89^b	1006.05 ± 87.62^b	2.57 ± 0.90^a	6.47 ± 0.24^b
Phycocyanin (0.08%, w/w)	3.30 ± 0.23^d	5.00 ± 0.54^d	867.54 ± 8.93^a	10.00 ± 1.07^d	993.17 ± 12.60^a	1367.54 ± 18.39^a	3.12 ± 0.77^a	12.45 ± 0.17^a

Sunflower oil-in-water emulsion
Control	13.50 ± 1.12^a	5.01 ± 0.29^b	230.96 ± 5.38^d	27.06 ± 0.20^b	369.03 ± 15.67^b	417.11 ± 18.66^ab	–	–
Phycocyanin (0.02%, w/w)	10.89 ± 0.08^b	2.50 ± 0.40^b	258.47 ± 8.06^cd	26.10 ± 0.17^b	382.73 ± 12.13^b	451.82 ± 0.56^ab	1.13 ± 0.02^c	1.15 ± 0.04^c
Phycocyanin (0.04%, w/w)	10.50 ± 0.21^b	10.00 ± 0.10^a	279.05 ± 3.22^c	34.52 ± 4.38^a	286.93 ± 36.65^d	425.08 ± 58.13^ab	0.81 ± 0.19^c	1.30 ± 0.01^bc
Phycocyanin (0.06%, w/w)	9.00 ± 1.56^b	4.50 ± 0.77^b	414.93 ± 19.72^a	22.42 ± 2.10^bc	441.26 ± 51.49^a	637.46 ± 32.71^c	2.32 ± 0.02^a	2.45 ± 0.01^a
Phycocyanin (0.08%, w/w)	7.31 ± 0.11^c	10.12 ± 0.41^a	384.23 ± 23.34^b	16.88 ± 3.67^c	319.29 ± 18.85^c	483.19 ± 43.11^bc	1.67 ± 0.21^b	1.88 ± 0.43^b

Sunflower oil with lecithin
Control	77.92 ± 5.92^a	15.50 ± 0.91^a	375.83 ± 30.91^e	45.00 ± 4.12^a	602.09 ± 17.19^d	684.21 ± 63.02^d	–	–
Phycocyanin (0.02%, w/w)	69.10 ± 3.67^b	11.05 ± 7.07^b	435.18 ± 33.70^d	41.47 ± 1.77^b	612.63 ± 9.42^d	598.83 ± 27.00^c	4.17 ± 0.17^b	9.13 ± 0.41^c
Phycocyanin (0.04%, w/w)	66.51 ± 7.21^b	9.52 ± 0.30^b	795.28 ± 41.06^c	32.25 ± 0.94^bc	765.19 ± 21.17^c	1119.06 ± 74.73^b	4.96 ± 0.80^b	8.36 ± 0.07^c
Phycocyanin (0.06%, w/w)	51.56 ± 9.10^c	5.25 ± 0.19^c	839.34 ± 19.05^b	27.87 ± 0.13^c	895.19 ± 20.04^b	1104.62 ± 28.87^b	10.18 ± 0.31^a	22.90 ± 0.13^b
Phycocyanin (0.08%, w/w)	25.36 ± 2.60^d	5.54 ± 0.54^c	948.91 ± 11.25^a	17.62 ± 0.34^d	1340.82 ± 27.20^a	1348.11 ± 45.52^a	11.11 ± 0.14^a	28.90 ± 0.28^a

In each column and in each section, means with different superscript lowercase letters are significantly different (P < 0.05). n_f: pseudo-first order rate constant of lipid hydroperoxide formation, n_d: pseudo-second order rate constant of lipid hydroperoxide decomposition, T_max: the time when the rate of lipid hydroperoxide production reaches its maximum value, W_n: propagation oxidizability, PP: propagation period, EP: end time of propagation period, I_f: inhibitory effect of phycocyanin against lipid hydroperoxide production, and I_d: inhibitory effect of phycocyanin against lipid hydroperoxide decomposition.

Mean ± SD (n = 3).