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. 2025 Jan 15;29:100741. doi: 10.1016/j.ebr.2025.100741

Table 2.

Maternal ASM regimens of pregnancies exposed to brivaracetam, eslicarbazepine, lacosamide, and zonisamide.

BRV ESL LCM ZSN
Exposed pregnancies (n,%) 8 (23) 8 (23) 6 (17) 12 (34)
Monotherapy (n, %) 7 (88) 4 (50) 3 (50) 5 (42)
Previous alternative ASM reported in clinical documentation
(n, %)

6 (75)

2 (25)

5 (83)

5 (42)
Highest daily dose, mg (median, min–max) 150 (50–175) 800 (400–1600) 350 (200–600) 200 (150–400)
No. of concomitant ASMs (median, min–max) 1 (1–3) 2 (1–3) 2 (1–3) 2 (1–4)
Concomitant ASM (n, %)
Levetiracetam
Benzodiazepines*
Other**

0
1(13)
1 (13)

2 (25)
3 (38)
1 (13)

2 (33)
2 (33)
0

7 (58)
3 (25)
4 (33)
Therapeutic drug monitoring (n, %) 3 (38) 3 (38) 4 (67) 6 (50)
Folic acid in pregnancy (n, %) 8 (100) 5 (63) 5 (83) 12 (100)
Seizure activity in pregnancy (n, %) 3 (37) 4 (50) 3 (50) 7 (58)
Seizure activity postpartum (n, %) 1 (13) 1 (13) 2 (33) 1 (8)
GTC seizures (n, %) 2 (25) 3 (38) 1 (17) 4 (33)

Abbreviations: ASM – antiseizure medicine, BRV – brivaracetam, ESL – eslicarbazepine, GTC – generalised tonic clonic, LCM – lacosamide, ZSN – zonisamide, IQR – interquartile range.

*Benzodiazepines include clobazam and clonazepam. **Other ASMs include lamotrigine, carbamazepine, pregabalin, and topiramate. > 1 concomitant ASM is possible.