Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study children by weight status
| Weight status* |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
All participants, (n = 18 503)
|
Underweight, (n = 1798)
|
Normal weight, (n = 10 579)
|
Overweight, (n = 3257)
|
Obesity, (n = 2869)
|
|
Demographic characteristics
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Age (months)† |
90 (58–131) |
66 (52–85) |
83 (56–127) |
108 (66–145) |
110 (77–139) |
| Boys‡ |
9522 (51.5) |
938 (52.2) |
4835 (45.7) |
1734 (53.2) |
2015 (70.2) |
|
Foetal and early life factors‡
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Gestational age in weeks |
39 (38–40) |
39 (38–40) |
39 (38–40) |
39 (38–40) |
39 (38–40) |
| Full-term birth‡ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Preterm delivery
|
1757 (9.5) |
172 (9.6) |
975 (9.2) |
300 (9.2) |
310 (10.8) |
|
Normal delivery
|
16 181 (87.5) |
1562 (86.9) |
9276 (87.7) |
2870 (88.1) |
2473 (86.2) |
|
Post-term pregnancy
|
565 (3.1) |
64 (3.6) |
328 (3.1) |
87 (2.7) |
86 (3.0) |
| Delivery mode‡ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Vaginal delivery
|
9130 (49.3) |
939 (52.2) |
5533 (52.3) |
1451 (44.6) |
1207 (42.1) |
|
Caesarean section
|
9329 (50.4) |
853 (47.4) |
5024 (47.5) |
1794 (55.1) |
1658 (57.8) |
|
Forceps delivery
|
44 (0.2) |
6 (0.3) |
22 (0.2) |
12 (0.4) |
4 (0.1) |
| Pregnancy order† |
1 (1–2) |
2 (1–2) |
1 (1–2) |
1 (1–2) |
1 (1–2) |
| Delivery order† |
1 (1–2) |
1 (1–2) |
1 (1–2) |
1 (1–1) |
1 (1–1) |
| Twin birth‡ |
445 (2.4) |
39 (2.2) |
274 (2.6) |
71 (2.2) |
61 (2.1) |
| Birth length in cm† |
50 (50–52) |
50 (50–52) |
50 (50–52) |
50 (50–52) |
50 (50–52) |
| Birth weight in kg† |
3.35 (3.00–3.60) |
3.30 (3.00–3.60) |
3.30 (3.00–3.60) |
3.40 (3.10–3.70) |
3.50 (3.10–3.75) |
| Infancy feeding‡ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pure breastfeeding
|
10 501 (56.8) |
1060 (59.0) |
6046 (57.2) |
1813 (55.7) |
1582 (55.1) |
|
Partial breastfeeding
|
6353 (34.3) |
599 (33.3) |
3624 (34.3) |
1163 (35.7) |
967 (33.7) |
|
Non-breastfeeding
|
1649 (8.9) |
139 (7.7) |
909 (8.6) |
281 (8.6) |
320 (11.2) |
| Breastfeeding duration‡ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
<6 mo
|
5475 (29.6) |
372 (20.7) |
2970 (28.1) |
1067 (32.8) |
1066 (37.2) |
|
6–24 mo
|
11 248 (60.8) |
1182 (65.7) |
6546 (61.9) |
1962 (60.2) |
1558 (54.3) |
|
≥24 mo
|
1780 (9.6) |
244 (13.6) |
1063 (10.0) |
228 (7.0) |
245 (8.5) |
| Time to add solid food‡ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
<6 mo
|
3260 (31.6) |
321 (34.5) |
1830 (32.2) |
598 (31.0) |
511 (28.8) |
|
6–9 mo
|
5327 (51.7) |
433 (46.5) |
2930 (51.6) |
1013 (52.5) |
951 (53.5) |
|
≥9 mo
|
1725 (16.7) |
177 (19.0) |
916 (16.1) |
317 (16.4) |
315 (17.7) |
|
Lifestyle-related factors†
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Sedentary time (hours per day) |
3.86 (2.00–6.29) |
2.57 (1.29–4.86) |
3.57 (1.71–6.00) |
4.43 (2.00–6.71) |
4.86 (2.29–6.86) |
| Screen time (hours per day) |
1.00 (0.64–1.57) |
1.00 (0.64–1.57) |
1.00 (0.64–1.57) |
1.29 (0.71–1.71) |
1.29 (0.93–2.00) |
| Outdoor activities (hours per day) |
1.29 (1.00–2.00) |
1.29 (1.00–2.00) |
1.29 (1.00–2.00) |
1.29 (1.00–2.00) |
1.29 (1.00–2.00) |
| Bedtime (o’clock PM) |
9.50 (9.00–10.00) |
9.00 (9.00–10.00) |
9.50 (9.00–10.00) |
10.00 (9.00–10.00) |
10.00 (9.00–10.00) |
| Eating speed (minutes per meal) |
16.67 (13.33–23.33) |
18.33 (15.00–25.00) |
18.33 (13.33–23.33) |
16.67 (13.33–20.00) |
16.67 (13.33–20.00) |
| Fast food intake frequency‡ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Every day
|
5636 (30.5) |
885 (49.2) |
3524 (33.3) |
760 (23.3) |
467 (16.3) |
|
3–5 times weekly
|
3230 (17.5) |
481 (26.8) |
1902 (18.0) |
447 (13.7) |
400 (13.9) |
|
1–2 times weekly
|
5038 (27.2) |
220 (12.2) |
2653 (25.1) |
1065 (32.7) |
1100 (38.3) |
|
None or once in a while
|
4599 (24.9) |
212 (11.8) |
2500 (23.6) |
985 (30.2) |
902 (31.4) |
| Sweet food intake frequency‡ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Every day
|
1699 (9.2) |
207 (11.5) |
1036 (9.8) |
249 (7.6) |
207 (7.2) |
|
3–5 times weekly
|
6313 (34.1) |
846 (47.1) |
3744 (35.4) |
964 (29.6) |
759 (26.5) |
|
1–2 times weekly
|
7941 (42.9) |
571 (31.8) |
4443 (42.0) |
1521 (46.7) |
1406 (49.0) |
|
None or once in a while
|
2550 (13.8) |
174 (9.7) |
1356 (12.8) |
523 (16.1) |
497 (17.3) |
| Night meal intake frequency‡ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Every day
|
6047 (32.7) |
312 (17.4) |
3231 (30.5) |
1270 (39.0) |
1234 (43.0) |
|
3–5 times weekly
|
3702 (20.0) |
268 (14.9) |
2033 (19.2) |
698 (21.4) |
703 (24.5) |
|
1–2 times weekly
|
2952 (16.0) |
368 (20.5) |
1753 (16.6) |
479 (14.7) |
352 (12.3) |
|
None or once in a while
|
5802 (31.4) |
850 (47.3) |
3562 (33.7) |
810 (24.9) |
580 (20.2) |
|
Health status
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Food allergy‡ |
1897 (10.3) |
213 (11.8) |
1045 (9.9) |
312 (9.6) |
327 (11.4) |
| Drug allergy‡ |
775 (4.2) |
74 (4.1) |
436 (4.1) |
123 (3.8) |
142 (4.9) |
| Dental caries† |
0 (0–2) |
0 (0–2) |
1 (0–2) |
0 (0–2) |
0 (0–2) |
|
Family information†
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Maternal reproductive age in years |
27.58 (25.25–30.33) |
28.75 (26.25–32.06) |
27.67 (25.42–30.42) |
27.17 (24.92–29.75) |
27.00 (24.67–29.50) |
| Paternal reproductive age in years |
28.58 (26.25–31.75) |
30.09 (27.25–33.67) |
28.59 (26.42–31.83) |
28.17 (26.01–31.17) |
28.17 (25.84–30.75) |
| Maternal BMI in kg/m2 |
22.66 (20.51–25.39) |
20.04 (18.20–22.53) |
22.46 (20.43–24.97) |
23.44 (21.48–26.37) |
24.22 (21.88–28.04) |
| Paternal BMI in kg/m2 |
25.74 (23.39–28.41) |
25.09 (22.86–27.77) |
25.25 (23.05–27.76) |
26.12 (24.05–29.38) |
27.04 (24.62–30.42) |
| Maternal education level‡ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
High school degree or below
|
7366 (39.8) |
552 (30.7) |
4191 (39.6) |
1364 (41.9) |
1259 (43.9) |
|
Bachelor’s degree
|
10 058 (54.4) |
937 (52.1) |
5812 (54.9) |
1763 (54.1) |
1546 (53.9) |
|
Master’s degree or above
|
1079 (5.8) |
309 (17.2) |
576 (5.4) |
130 (4.0) |
64 (2.2) |
| Paternal education level‡ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
High school degree or below
|
8447 (45.7) |
635 (35.3) |
4793 (45.3) |
1562 (48.0) |
1457 (50.8) |
|
Bachelor’s degree
|
8832 (47.7) |
816 (45.4) |
5142 (48.6) |
1546 (47.5) |
1328 (46.3) |
|
Master’s degree or above
|
1224 (6.6) |
347 (19.3) |
644 (6.1) |
149 (4.6) |
84 (2.9) |
| Family income in CNY per year‡ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
<100 000
|
7695 (41.6) |
597 (33.2) |
4436 (41.9) |
1388 (42.6) |
1274 (44.4) |
|
100 000–300 000
|
7909 (42.7) |
679 (37.8) |
4521 (42.7) |
1425 (43.8) |
1284 (44.8) |
| ≥300 000 | 2899 (15.7) | 522 (29.0) | 1622 (15.3) | 444 (13.6) | 311 (10.8) |