Table 2.

Mean differences in childhood weight, height, and BMI by modern dietary pattern adherence, physical activity tertiles, household asset quartiles, and urbanicity

	Age, years					Female (n=248)								Male (n=237)
		Weight, kg				Height, cm				BMI, kg/m2				Weight, kg				Height, cm				BMI, kg/m2
		Est	LL	UL	P	Est	LL	UL	P	Est	LL	UL	P	Est	LL	UL	P	Est	LL	UL	P	Est	LL	UL	P
High modern dietary pattern adherence vs. low†	2	1.07	0.29	1.86	0.008	−0.01	−1.31	1.30	0.993	0.40	−0.10	0.90	0.119	0.88	−0.19	1.94	0.106	1.15	−0.15	2.45	0.083	0.12	−0.49	0.74	0.700
	3	0.67	0.16	1.18	0.011	0.09	−0.63	0.81	0.807	0.24	−0.09	0.57	0.161	0.74	0.06	1.42	0.034	0.72	−0.02	1.46	0.057	0.16	−0.24	0.56	0.431
	4	0.27	−0.14	0.67	0.201	0.19	−0.49	0.86	0.591	0.07	−0.17	0.32	0.555	0.60	0.10	1.10	0.018	0.29	−0.34	0.92	0.370	0.20	−0.09	0.49	0.168
	5	−0.14	−0.71	0.44	0.639	0.28	−0.95	1.51	0.654	−0.09	−0.42	0.24	0.598	0.47	−0.23	1.16	0.186	−0.14	−1.25	0.97	0.804	0.24	−0.13	0.62	0.207
	6	−0.54	−1.40	0.32	0.220	0.38	−1.55	2.30	0.700	−0.25	−0.75	0.25	0.322	0.33	−0.75	1.41	0.545	−0.57	−2.32	1.18	0.522	0.28	−0.30	0.87	0.341
	7	−0.94	−2.13	0.25	0.121	0.47	−2.17	3.12	0.725	−0.41	−1.11	0.28	0.242	0.20	−1.32	1.71	0.799	−1.00	−3.42	1.42	0.418	0.32	−0.50	1.15	0.440
	8	−1.35	−2.88	0.19	0.086	0.57	−2.81	3.95	0.741	−0.58	−1.48	0.32	0.323	0.06	−1.90	2.03	0.951	−1.43	−4.54	1.68	0.367	0.36	−0.71	1.44	0.506
	9	−1.75	−3.63	0.13	0.069	0.67	−3.45	4.79	0.751	−0.74	−1.85	0.37	0.192	−0.08	−2.50	2.35	0.952	−1.86	−5.66	1.94	0.337	0.40	−0.92	1.73	0.550
Medium physical activity vs. low‡	2	0.10	−0.88	1.08	0.846	−0.86	−2.85	1.14	0.401	0.19	−0.47	0.86	0.570	0.88	−0.59	2.36	0.239	0.41	−1.74	2.57	0.706	0.40	−0.42	1.22	0.334
	3	0.30	−0.40	1.00	0.403	−0.53	−2.09	1.03	0.505	0.34	−0.14	0.83	0.168	0.75	−0.21	1.71	0.127	0.37	−1.37	2.11	0.679	0.40	−0.17	0.97	0.166
	4	0.50	−0.22	1.22	0.170	−0.20	−1.68	1.28	0.786	0.50	0.07	0.92	0.022	0.61	−0.21	1.43	0.144	0.32	−1.34	1.98	0.704	0.40	−0.07	0.86	0.092
	5	0.70	−0.31	1.72	0.174	0.12	−1.69	1.93	0.896	0.65	0.13	1.16	0.014	0.47	−0.72	1.66	0.437	0.27	−1.67	2.22	0.783	0.40	−0.20	0.99	0.190
	6	0.91	−0.52	2.33	0.213	0.45	−1.94	2.83	0.713	0.80	0.09	1.51	0.026	0.33	−1.44	2.11	0.713	0.23	−2.26	2.71	0.858	0.39	−0.46	1.25	0.366
	7	1.11	−0.77	2.98	0.247	0.77	−2.29	3.84	0.622	0.95	0.02	1.89	0.046	0.20	−2.23	2.62	0.875	0.18	−2.97	3.33	0.911	0.39	−0.77	1.55	0.509
	8	1.31	−1.04	3.66	0.274	1.10	−2.70	4.90	0.571	1.10	−0.08	2.28	0.067	0.06	−3.04	3.16	0.971	0.13	−3.74	4.00	0.946	0.39	−1.10	1.88	0.608
	9	1.51	−1.31	4.34	0.294	1.42	−3.14	5.98	0.541	1.25	−0.18	2.69	0.087	−0.08	−3.87	3.70	0.967	0.09	−4.54	4.71	0.971	0.39	−1.44	2.21	0.678
High physical activity vs. low‡	2	0.07	−0.89	1.03	0.888	−0.42	−2.40	1.57	0.681	0.44	−0.20	1.09	0.180	0.35	−0.99	1.68	0.611	0.13	−1.82	2.09	0.895	0.25	−0.49	0.98	0.512
	3	0.29	−0.41	0.99	0.412	−0.09	−1.70	1.53	0.916	0.46	−0.03	0.95	0.064	0.66	−0.19	1.51	0.127	0.07	−1.54	1.68	0.932	0.45	−0.05	0.96	0.078
	4	0.51	−0.26	1.29	0.193	0.24	−1.34	1.83	0.765	0.48	0.03	0.93	0.038	0.98	0.23	1.73	0.011	0.01	−1.55	1.57	0.990	0.66	0.24	1.09	0.002
	5	0.74	−0.39	1.86	0.199	0.57	−1.33	2.48	0.557	0.50	−0.07	1.06	0.087	1.30	0.16	2.44	0.025	−0.05	−1.88	1.78	0.956	0.87	0.31	1.44	0.002
	6	0.96	−0.61	2.53	0.232	0.90	−1.54	3.34	0.470	0.51	−0.26	1.28	0.191	1.62	−0.09	3.32	0.063	−0.11	−2.41	2.19	0.924	1.08	0.27	1.90	0.009
	7	1.18	−0.88	3.24	0.261	1.23	−1.85	4.31	0.434	0.53	−0.48	1.53	0.302	1.93	−0.39	4.26	0.104	−0.17	−3.06	2.71	0.906	1.29	0.19	2.39	0.022
	8	1.40	−1.16	3.96	0.283	1.56	−2.22	5.34	0.419	0.55	−0.71	1.80	0.394	2.25	−0.72	5.22	0.137	−0.23	−3.75	3.29	0.896	1.50	0.09	2.91	0.037
	9	1.63	−1.44	4.70	0.299	1.89	−2.61	6.39	0.411	0.56	−0.95	2.08	0.467	2.57	−1.05	6.19	0.164	−0.30	−4.48	3.89	0.890	1.71	−0.01	3.43	0.051
Medium asset quartile vs. low§	2	0.52	−0.65	1.70	0.382	−0.05	−2.37	2.27	0.969	0.41	−0.39	1.21	0.316	0.45	−1.24	2.14	0.603	−0.73	−3.34	1.88	0.584	0.74	−0.22	1.71	0.131
	3	0.21	−0.65	1.06	0.637	−0.49	−2.36	1.38	0.610	0.30	−0.30	0.90	0.328	0.40	−0.73	1.52	0.489	−0.13	−2.29	2.04	0.908	0.52	−0.16	1.21	0.132
	4	−0.11	−1.02	0.80	0.808	−0.93	−2.74	0.88	0.316	0.19	−0.36	0.73	0.495	0.34	−0.70	1.39	0.520	0.47	−1.63	2.58	0.659	0.30	−0.28	0.89	0.311
	5	−0.43	−1.72	0.86	0.513	−1.37	−3.55	0.81	0.218	0.08	−0.59	0.75	0.817	0.29	−1.25	1.83	0.712	1.08	−1.38	3.53	0.390	0.09	−0.67	0.84	0.824
	6	−0.75	−2.55	1.05	0.416	−1.81	−4.62	1.00	0.207	−0.03	−0.94	0.88	0.946	0.24	−2.02	2.49	0.837	1.68	−1.39	4.75	0.285	−0.13	−1.20	0.94	0.807
	7	−1.07	−3.43	1.30	0.376	−2.25	−5.82	1.32	0.216	−0.14	−1.33	1.05	0.816	0.18	−2.86	3.22	0.906	2.28	−1.56	6.11	0.244	−0.35	−1.79	1.08	0.631
	8	−1.38	−4.33	1.56	0.357	−2.69	−7.07	1.69	0.229	−0.25	−1.74	1.24	0.740	0.13	−3.72	3.98	0.947	2.88	−1.79	7.55	0.227	−0.57	−2.39	1.25	0.539
	9	−1.70	−5.24	1.83	0.345	−3.13	−8.37	2.10	0.241	−0.36	−2.17	1.44	0.694	0.08	−4.60	4.75	0.975	3.48	−2.06	9.03	0.219	−0.79	−3.01	1.43	0.486
High household asset quartile vs. low§	2	1.07	−0.01	2.15	0.052	0.73	−1.42	2.89	0.504	0.61	−0.13	1.35	0.107	0.53	−1.06	2.12	0.516	0.53	−1.93	3.00	0.672	0.64	−0.27	1.55	0.170
	3	0.90	0.10	1.70	0.027	0.75	−1.01	2.52	0.404	0.51	−0.05	1.07	0.074	0.57	−0.49	1.63	0.295	0.37	−1.66	2.41	0.721	0.53	−0.12	1.17	0.108
	4	0.73	−0.13	1.59	0.095	0.77	−0.96	2.50	0.384	0.41	−0.10	0.93	0.116	0.61	−0.37	1.58	0.224	0.21	−1.76	2.18	0.835	0.42	−0.13	0.97	0.136
	5	0.56	−0.65	1.77	0.365	0.78	−1.28	2.85	0.458	0.32	−0.31	0.95	0.325	0.65	−0.78	2.07	0.375	0.05	−2.25	2.35	0.967	0.31	−0.39	1.02	0.385
	6	0.39	−1.29	2.07	0.650	0.80	−1.84	3.44	0.553	0.22	−0.63	1.06	0.611	0.68	−1.40	2.77	0.520	−0.11	−3.00	2.78	0.939	0.21	−0.79	1.20	0.686
	7	0.22	−1.98	2.41	0.845	0.82	−2.51	4.15	0.631	0.12	−0.98	1.22	0.828	0.72	−2.09	3.53	0.614	−0.27	−3.89	3.34	0.882	0.10	−1.24	1.44	0.886
	8	0.05	−2.68	2.78	0.972	0.83	−3.24	4.91	0.688	0.02	−1.35	1.40	0.973	0.76	−2.80	4.32	0.675	−0.44	−4.85	3.98	0.846	−0.01	−1.71	1.69	0.991
	9	−0.12	−3.39	3.15	0.942	0.85	−4.00	5.70	0.731	−0.07	−1.73	1.58	0.931	0.80	−3.53	5.13	0.717	−0.60	−5.85	4.66	0.823	−0.12	−2.19	1.95	0.912
Very high asset quartile vs. low§	2	1.34	0.13	2.54	0.029	2.08	−0.31	4.46	0.088	0.53	−0.30	1.35	0.210	1.98	0.25	3.71	0.025	2.12	−0.61	4.84	0.128	1.32	0.33	2.31	0.009
	3	0.98	0.07	1.89	0.036	0.98	−1.00	2.96	0.331	0.53	−0.12	1.17	0.108	1.88	0.69	3.08	0.002	2.81	0.48	5.13	0.018	1.11	0.38	1.83	0.003
	4	0.62	−0.32	1.56	0.198	−0.12	−2.03	1.80	0.905	0.52	−0.06	1.10	0.078	1.79	0.67	2.91	0.002	3.49	1.22	5.76	0.003	0.90	0.26	1.53	0.006
	5	0.26	−1.01	1.52	0.689	−1.21	−3.44	1.01	0.285	0.52	−0.16	1.20	0.134	1.70	0.12	3.27	0.035	4.18	1.59	6.77	0.002	0.68	−0.11	1.48	0.091
	6	−0.10	−1.83	1.63	0.908	−2.31	−5.09	0.47	0.104	0.52	−0.37	1.40	0.252	1.60	−0.66	3.86	0.165	4.87	1.70	8.04	0.003	0.47	−0.62	1.56	0.395
	7	−0.46	−2.70	1.78	0.687	−3.41	−6.88	0.07	0.055	0.52	−0.63	1.66	0.377	1.51	−1.51	4.53	0.328	5.56	1.66	9.45	0.005	0.26	−1.18	1.70	0.723
	8	−0.82	−3.60	1.96	0.564	−4.50	−8.74	−0.27	0.037	0.51	−0.91	1.94	0.480	1.41	−2.40	5.23	0.468	6.24	1.54	10.95	0.009	0.05	−1.77	1.87	0.958
	9	−1.18	−4.52	2.16	0.488	−5.60	−10.63	−0.57	0.029	0.51	−1.20	2.22	0.560	1.32	−3.31	5.95	0.576	6.93	1.38	12.48	0.014	−0.16	−2.37	2.04	0.885
Periurban vs. Rural**	2	0.22	−0.81	1.25	0.675	−0.09	−2.11	1.92	0.930	0.18	−0.52	0.88	0.620	0.80	−0.47	2.06	0.219	3.19	1.45	4.93	<0.001	−0.31	−1.02	0.41	0.400
	3	0.24	−0.51	0.98	0.534	−0.44	−2.03	1.15	0.588	0.29	−0.23	0.81	0.275	0.60	−0.23	1.42	0.158	1.52	0.08	2.96	0.039	−0.05	−0.55	0.45	0.835
	4	0.25	−0.52	1.02	0.522	−0.79	−2.32	0.74	0.311	0.40	−0.06	0.86	0.087	0.40	−0.37	1.16	0.309	−0.15	−1.57	1.26	0.830	0.20	−0.24	0.64	0.370
	5	0.27	−0.82	1.36	0.630	−1.14	−3.00	0.72	0.230	0.52	−0.04	1.08	0.071	0.20	−0.94	1.34	0.735	−1.83	−3.51	−0.15	0.033	0.45	−0.12	1.02	0.121
	6	0.28	−1.24	1.81	0.715	−1.49	−3.91	0.94	0.229	0.63	−0.13	1.39	0.104	0.00	−1.69	1.68	0.997	−3.50	−5.63	−1.37	0.001	0.70	−0.11	1.52	0.089
	7	0.30	−1.70	2.30	0.769	−1.84	−4.94	1.26	0.246	0.74	−0.26	1.74	0.145	−0.20	−2.48	2.08	0.862	−5.17	−7.85	−2.50	<0.001	0.96	−0.13	2.05	0.086
	8	0.32	−2.18	2.82	0.804	−2.19	−6.02	1.65	0.263	0.86	−0.40	2.11	0.182	−0.40	−3.29	2.49	0.785	−6.85	−10.11	−3.58	<0.001	1.21	−0.17	2.59	0.087
	9	0.33	−2.67	3.34	0.828	−2.54	−7.12	2.05	0.279	0.97	−0.55	2.49	0.212	−0.60	−4.12	2.91	0.737	−8.52	−12.40	−4.64	<0.001	1.46	−0.22	3.14	0.089
Urban vs. Rural**	2	0.75	−0.23	1.73	0.135	−0.21	−2.09	1.67	0.824	0.47	−0.20	1.13	0.173	1.62	0.27	2.98	0.019	2.60	0.57	4.63	0.012	0.29	−0.47	1.05	0.459
	3	0.65	−0.07	1.37	0.077	−0.15	−1.66	1.36	0.846	0.43	−0.08	0.93	0.098	1.07	0.19	1.96	0.017	1.91	0.23	3.58	0.026	0.18	−0.36	0.71	0.515
	4	0.55	−0.22	1.32	0.161	−0.09	−1.58	1.41	0.910	0.39	−0.07	0.84	0.098	0.53	−0.30	1.35	0.213	1.21	−0.41	2.83	0.144	0.07	−0.40	0.53	0.780
	5	0.45	−0.64	1.53	0.417	−0.02	−1.85	1.81	0.981	0.35	−0.21	0.91	0.225	−0.02	−1.26	1.22	0.971	0.51	−1.39	2.42	0.597	−0.04	−0.66	0.57	0.887
	6	0.35	−1.16	1.86	0.651	0.04	−2.34	2.42	0.973	0.31	−0.45	1.06	0.423	−0.57	−2.40	1.26	0.540	−0.18	−2.59	2.22	0.882	−0.16	−1.03	0.72	0.728
	7	0.25	−1.73	2.22	0.806	0.10	−2.93	3.14	0.946	0.27	−0.72	1.25	0.593	−1.12	−3.59	1.35	0.374	−0.88	−3.90	2.14	0.569	−0.27	−1.44	0.91	0.657
	8	0.15	−2.31	2.60	0.906	0.17	−3.56	3.90	0.93	0.23	−1.00	1.46	0.716	−1.67	−4.81	1.47	0.297	−1.57	−5.26	2.11	0.403	−0.38	−1.87	1.11	0.621
	9	0.05	−2.90	3.00	0.975	0.23	−4.22	4.68	0.919	0.19	−1.30	1.68	0.803	−2.22	−6.03	1.59	0.254	−2.27	−6.66	2.12	0.311	−0.49	−2.30	1.33	0.599

BMI, Body mass index; Est, Estimates of the difference in weight, height, or BMI between categorical groups; LL, Lower limit of 95% confidence interval; UL, Upper limit of 95% confidence interval; P, Probability estimate.

^†Results from two-level multilevel models adjusted for child age spline terms, physical activity (low tertile: referent), total energy intake, breastfeeding status (never breastfed: referent), maternal age group (24-39 years old: referent), maternal years of education, maternal height, maternal BMI, urbanicity (rural: referent), socioeconomic resources (low asset quartile: referent), and total annual income (< $10,000 tala: referent).

^‡Results from two-level multilevel models adjusted for child age spline terms, modern dietary pattern adherence (low: referent), total energy intake, breastfeeding status (never breastfed: referent), maternal age group (24-39 years old: referent), maternal years of education, maternal height, maternal BMI, urbanicity (rural: referent), socioeconomic resources (low asset quartile: referent), and total annual income (< $10,000 tala: referent).

^§Results from two-level multilevel models adjusted for child age spline terms, maternal age group, maternal education, urbanicity (rural: referent), and household total annual income (< $10,000 tala: referent).

^**Results from two-level multilevel models adjusted for child age spline terms, household total annual income (< $10,000 tala: referent).