Table 1.
Elevational range, number of sampled localities, total number of flowers measured, mean floral trait values (±s.e.), pollinator visits per flower and climatic principal component (PC) scores for all species studied in this work. Species are sorted by continent, then by nectar concentration.
| Species | Elevation (m a.s.l.) | Localities (n) | Flowers (n) | Nectar concentration (%) | Nectar volume (μL) | Corolla length (mm) | Average pollinator visits per flower | Climate | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bird | Bee | Fly | Butterfly | PC1 | PC2 | |||||||
| North America | ||||||||||||
| R. maximum | 450–488 | 3 | 25 | 33.86 ± 0.86 | 3.49 ± 0.20 | 34.16 ± 0.55 | 0 | 2.6 | 0.12 | 0 | 5.64 | −36.8 |
| R. catawbiense | 1800–1820 | 2 | 25 | 24.97 ± 0.68 | 8.33 ± 0.31 | 42.92 ± 2.06 | 0 | 3.57 | 0.02 | 0 | 46.01 | 12.03 |
| R. arborescens | 692–1622 | 4 | 25 | 24.71 ± 0.28 | 8.82 ± 0.10 | 40.83 ± 0.75 | 0.17 | 0.95 | 0.06 | 0.1 | −24.07 | −0.94 |
| R. viscosum | 39–1000 | 4 | 25 | 15.92 ± 0.31 | 3.39 ± 0.14 | 32.96 ± 1.35 | 0.16 | 0.23 | 0.42 | 0.12 | 19.13 | −6.61 |
| R. calendulaceum | 1642 | 2 | 25 | 15.54 ± 0.09 | 2.14 ± 0.11 | 32.45 ± 0.10 | 0 | 0.74 | 0.14 | 0.02 | −35.04 | 23.46 |
| R. cumberlandense | 1462–1554 | 2 | 25 | 13.05 ± 0.99 | 3.6 ± 1.00 | 37.15 ± 0.97 | 0 | 0.37 | 0.01 | 0.03 | −31.04 | 17.97 |
| Asia | ||||||||||||
| R. lepidotum | 3900–4230 | 5 | 30 | 28.22 ± 0.52 | 8.70 ± 0.47 | 13.65 ± 0.23 | 0 | 0.21 | 0.28 | 0 | 26.36 | −16.3 |
| R. setosum | 3900–4000 | 8 | 30 | 15.36 ± 0.35 | 1.27 ± 0.05 | 18.66 ± 0.11 | 0 | 0.67 | 0.31 | 0 | −236.81 | −16.6 |
| R. wallichi | 3800–3900 | 2 | 25 | 13.23 ± 1.41 | 6.89 ± 0.71 | 35.5 ± 0.42 | 0 | 0.01 | 0.17 | 0 | −514.68 | 7.91 |
| R. anthopogon | 3800–4230 | 7 | 30 | 13.17 ± 0.55 | 1.13 ± 0.05 | 19.02 ± 0.33 | 0 | 0.27 | 0.02 | 0 | 31.02 | −14.6 |
| R. grande | 2600–2900 | 3 | 28 | 11.25 ± 1.95 | 14.23 ± 2.27 | 59.8 ± 0.84 | 0.2 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0 | 352.19 | 38.46 |
| R. wightii | 4000–4230 | 5 | 30 | 10.33 ± 0.27 | 5.93 ± 0.41 | 43.87 ± 0.54 | 0.07 | 0.16 | 0.29 | 0 | 21.91 | −17.7 |
| R. campanulatum | 3400–3900 | 9 | 30 | 10.15 ± 0.36 | 9.73 ± 0.35 | 43.44 ± 0.36 | 0.25 | 0.06 | 0.16 | 0 | 75.19 | −0.48 |
| R. campylocarpum | 3600–3800 | 4 | 30 | 9.71 ± 0.83 | 4.94 ± 0.41 | 37.89 ± 0.42 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.29 | 0 | −248.49 | 8.11 |
| R. falconeri | 2700–2900 | 2 | 28 | 7.96 ± 0.19 | 22.08 ± 2.80 | 53.67 ± 1.44 | 0.24 | 0.08 | 0.01 | 0 | 355.01 | 37.8 |
| R. lanatum | 3700–3800 | 2 | 25 | 5.8 ± 0.56 | 39.16 ± 2.07 | 49.56 ± 0.44 | 0.47 | 0.02 | 0.36 | 0 | 76.56 | 1.65 |
| R. cinnabarinum | 3200–3600 | 5 | 30 | 5.68 ± 0.13 | 17.75 ± 0.56 | 38.67 ± 0.46 | 0.43 | 0.17 | 0.05 | 0 | −5.64 | 10.59 |
| R. barbatum | 2800–2900 | 2 | 28 | 5.2 ± 0.07 | 33.05 ± 4.21 | 35.36 ± 0.74 | 0.34 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0 | 358.01 | 37.8 |
| R. hodgsonii | 3500–3800 | 5 | 30 | 5.03 ± 0.18 | 11.92 ± 0.93 | 36.48 ± 0.49 | 0.82 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0 | 76.57 | 2.23 |
| R. arboreum | 2600–2900 | 5 | 28 | 4.09 ± 0.81 | 56.07 ± 2.73 | 43.61 ± 0.17 | 0.64 | 0.41 | 0.05 | 0 | 358.55 | 39.13 |
| R. thomsonii | 3400–3800 | 6 | 30 | 3.02 ± 0.10 | 81.78 ± 5.43 | 50.74 ± 0.39 | 0.57 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0 | 59.99 | −4.93 |