Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants
| GDM N = 77 (mean ± SD) |
Healthy pregnant women N = 28 (mean ± SD) |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 32.2 ± 4.3 | 31.4 ± 4.7 | 0.392 |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 30.1 ± 4.0 | 30.0 ± 2.0 | 0.947 |
| BMI before pregnancy (kg/m2) | 24.7 ± 5.2 | 22.1 ± 3.6 | 0.017 |
| Fasting PG (mmol/L) | 5.1 ± 0.5 | 4.4 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| 1-h postload glucose at OGTT (mmol/L) | 9.5 ± 1.5 | 6.7 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
| 2-h postload glucose at OGTT (mmol/L) | 8.3 ± 1.7 | 6.0 ± 1.2 | <0.001 |
| HbA1C, % | 5.0 ± 0.4 | 4.8 ± 0.3 | 0.020 |
| Real-time meal logging | |||
| Days logged per participant | 7.2 ± 0.6 | 7.0 ± 0.8 | 0.78 |
| Meals logged per participant | 26.5 ± 3.7 | 25.3 ± 4.7 | 0.72 |
| Energy intake per meal (kcal) | 334.8 ± 99.8 | 346.3 ± 95.0 | 0.597 |
| Carbohydrate intake per meal (g) | 28.4 ± 10.9 | 36.6 ± 10.8 | 0.001 |
| Glycaemic load per meal (g) | 14.8 ± 7.5 | 20.4 ± 6.8 | 0.001 |
| Fat intake per meal (g) | 16.4 ± 5.9 | 15.3 ± 5.9 | 0.413 |
| Protein intake per meal (g) | 17.0 ± 5.2 | 13.8 ± 2.9 | 0.003 |
| CGM-derived indices | |||
| Mean GLUmax, mmol/L | 6.2 ± 0.6 | 6.4 ± 0.6 | 0.083 |
| Mean iAUC120, mmol/L | 0.52 ± 0.29 | 0.63 ± 0.28 | 0.092 |
Comparisons were performed using the bootstrap hypothesis test.
OGTT oral glucose tolerance test.