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. 2025 Feb 8;25:194. doi: 10.1186/s12879-024-10331-1

Table 4.

Incidence of SARS-CoV-2 from 4 June 2022 to 31 January 2023 (due to BA.4/5 and later subvariants) in those with and without RT-PCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection prior to 30 September 2020 (early infection)

Early Infection
(EI)
No Early Infection
(non-EI)
EI vs. non -EI
IRR (95% CI)
EI vs. Non-EI Hazard Ratio2 (95% CI)
No BA.1/BA.2 infection
 Number of COVID-19 infections 89 42
 Participant-days 121,623 28,779
 COVID-19 rate/1000 participant days 0.73 1.46 0.50 (0.35–0.72) 0.47 (0.32–0.68)
With BA.1/BA.2 infection1
 Number of COVID-19 infections 4 5
 Participant-days 20,665 9413
 COVID-19 rate/1000 participant days 0.19 0.53 0.36 (0.10–1.36) 0.20 (0.03–1.21)

1Comparing participants with no early or BA.1/BA.2 infection (42 cases during 28779 participant days) to those with both an early infection and a BA.1/BA.2 infection (4 cases during 20665 participant days), the IRR is 0.13 (95%CI 0.04–0.34) and the hazard ratio is 0.07 (95%CI 0.03–0.21)

2Hazard ratios from the primary analysis: multivariable Cox regression adjusted for age, COVID-19 vaccination, severity of 2020 illness, neighborhood income quantile, ethnicity, education, work status during omicron and presence of children in the household