Table 3.
Open coding analysis results
| Original statement | Initial concepts | Independent categories |
|---|---|---|
| I’ve never been optimistic about ChatGPT, and not using it makes you less likely to be misled. | Cognitive interest | Willingness to accept technology |
| I think ChatGPT will probably save us a lot of time in programming, which is great news for medical students as we can devote more energy to medical research. | Emotional response | |
| Using ChatGPT to assist programming allows me to deepen my memory and expand my knowledge in error correction, and gradually makes me find the fun and confidence of programming. | Increased confidence | Perceived benefits |
| ChatGPT is my go-to “teaching assistant” who clearly answers questions I have when I don’t understand some syntax or don’t have programming mindsets. | Improved programming ability | |
| I’ve found myself leaning too heavily on ChatGPT at some point, and it worries me that this dependence may be holding me back from personal growth and improvement. | Psychological risk | Perceived risks |
| Asking ChatGPT to write programs without serious thinking is a natural way to cripple programming skills, or to stop people from improving programming skills. | Ability development risk | |
| I can communicate with ChatGPT in natural language without having to master complex programming jargon or syntax. | Natural language interaction | Technology advantage |
| ChatGPT’s ability to provide code examples with comments makes it easier for me to follow the program. | Code generation and interpretation | |
| Based on the questions I ask and the code I write, ChatGPT will recommend suitable materials and exercises to help me learn more efficiently and personally. | Personalized learning | |
| Open AI’s ChatGPT 4 is not available for free. | Payment limit | Technical barriers |
| ChatGPT works only when a VPN is used. | Accessibility | |
| Some ChatGPT tools may have a limit on using times. For example, some tools may allow users to use a certain number of queries for free, after which they need to pay or meet certain conditions to continue using them. | Frequency limit | |
| Sometimes when I ask ChatGPT programming questions, there is a delay and it doesn’t give me an immediate answer. | Response speed | |
| If we excessively rely on ChatGPT to complete programming tasks, or even directly use it to generate code or solutions, which could involve plagiarism and cheating. This is not only against the principle of academic integrity, but may also have a negative impact on our learning and growth. | Academic integrity | Technical ethics |
| In medical research, we often need to deal with the patient’s personal information and health data which are extremely sensitive. However, some ChatGPT tools may not provide adequate data privacy and security protection, leading to the risk of user data leakage. | Data privacy security | |
| ChatGPT may sometimes provide codes or recommendations based on incomplete or biased data, adversely affecting our medical research. | Data bias | |
| Once when I was writing a program for medical data analysis, ChatGPT gave some advice, but I later found that the advice had some logical errors and was not accurate. I think this is because ChatGPT doesn’t know enough about some specialized programming problems or domains, or it doesn’t fully understand my specific needs. | Accuracy | Information quality |
| Sometimes when I’m looking for a solution to a specific programming problem, ChatGPT’s answer, while syntactically and logically sound, doesn’t exactly match the problem I’m actually trying to solve. | Correlation | |
| When I asked for information about the latest programming techniques, ChatGPT’s answers seemed outdated and it didn’t provide the latest information I needed. | Timeliness | |
| Ask ChatGPT with the clearer and more detailed programming problems description, and the more standardized the prompt words, ChatGPT can provide a more targeted and accurate answer. | Prompt words specification | Information acquisition |
| ChatGPT sometimes gives programming statements that are beyond my learning scope and difficult to understand. | Result presentation | |
| I saw on the Xiao Hong Shu and BiliBili websites that ChatGPT is recommended by learning bloggers to be used to solve programming problems efficiently, and I became interested in ChatGPT. What is the great technology that is so powerful. | Internet publicity | Social impact |
| I found that my classmates could complete their homework quickly with the help of ChatGPT, so I also tried to use it. | Classmates’ influence | |
| ChatGPT can provide a better, shorter, and more efficient program. It lets us learn other ways which may be better in the process of independent programming. | Extended learning | Usage scenarios |
| During examination review, I may sometimes forget some basic knowledge points I have learned before, and then often forget a little bit of things, resulting in the whole program always reporting errors. Therefore, directly asking ChatGPT helped me to shorten the time of searching for slides of the course to a great extent. | Examination review | |
| When the program doesn’t work properly, ChatGPT can quickly help me find the error and fix it. | Diagnosis and correction of errors |