Table 4.

Spindle coding analysis results

Main categories	Independent categories	Meaning
Individual factors	Perceived risks	Subjective judgment of individual users on risk characteristics and severity after use.
	Perceived benefits	Actual benefits experienced by individual users after use.
	Willingness to accept technology	Individual users’ acceptance of the technology and willingness to use it.
Technical factors	Technical barriers	Difficulties and problems that users encounter when using ChatGPT.
	Technical advantages	The leading degree of ChatGPT compared with similar technologies.
	Technical ethics	The ethical relationship between technology and human and society.
Information factors	Information quality	Objective evaluation of the content of answers given by ChatGPT.
	Information acquisition	Users use ChatGPT to obtain the required information.
Environmental factors	Usage scenarios	Combination of various environmental factors or specific scenarios when using ChatGPT.
	Social influence	The influence of social factors on users’ decisions and behaviors.
Willingness to use	Use positively	Accept ChatGPT and have a positive intention to use it.
	Use neutrally	Unclear attitude towards ChatGPT and the willingness to use it is not obvious.
	Use negatively	Do not accept ChatGPT and have a negative intention to use it.