Table 5.

Selective coding analysis results

Relationship structure	Definition of relationship structure	Representative statement
Individual factors →Willingness to use	Individual factors such as perceived risks, perceived benefits, and technology acceptance willingness are the important factors that affect users' willingness to use. There is a causal relationship between individual factors and willingness to use.	1. Using ChatGPT may make me rely on it. Too much dependence will weaken my thinking and programming ability, which will affect my willingness to use it. 2. Using ChatGPT to assist programming improved my learning confidence and programming ability, and benefited me a lot. 3. I am open-minded about ChatGPT assisted programming because after all, programming is a challenge for me. If there is a kind of technology that can help me understand better and program, I would gladly accept it.
Technical factors → Willingness to use	Technical factors such as technical advantages, technical ethics, and technical barriers are important factors affecting users’ willingness to use, and there is a causal relationship between technical factors and users’ willingness to use.	1. ChatGPT has obvious technical advantages and can solve programming problems and provide personalized learning for me. I am willing to use it. 2. ChatGPT may challenge the existing social order and social ethics, I should consider it; 3. ChatGPT access difficulties, the limit on usage times and use cost make me worry.
Information factors→ Willingness to use	Information quality and information acquisition are important factors affecting users’ willingness to use, and there is a causal relationship between information factors and willingness to use.	1. ChatGPT may provide imprecise programming information or advice to mislead me, which makes me worried; 2. The code given by ChatGPT is beyond my knowledge, which makes it hard for me to understand and influences my willingness to use it.
Environmental factors→Willingness to use	Social influence and usage scenarios are important factors affecting user’s willingness to use, and there is a causal relationship between environmental factors and willingness to use.	1. At first through online publicity, I learned that ChatGPT is very intelligent. I was interested so I tried and found that it is indeed very useful; 2. Sometimes to complete the programming assignments, sometimes to broaden knowledge, I want to give it a try.