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. 2025 Feb 7;25:194. doi: 10.1186/s12903-025-05507-3

Table 4.

Referral of patients with halitosis by fourth- and fifth-year students from two different dental schools

Questions Students Universities
Fourth Year Fifth Year p value X Y p value
6. Have you ever referred a patient for treatment of halitosis?
Yes 22 (16.9%)a 40 (34.2%)b 0.002 45 (32.6%)a 17 (15.7%)b 0.002
No 108 (83.1%)a 77 (65.8%)b 93 (67.4%)a 91 (84.3%)b
Total 130 (100.0%) 117 (100.0%) 138 (100.0%) 108 (100.0%)
7. What was/were the reason for referral?
Patient had a form of extraoral halitosis 20 (36.4%) 18 (36.0%) 0.901 23 (30.3%) 15 (51.7%) 0.221
I did not know how to treat the patient 28 (50.9%) 26 (52.0%) 42 (55.3%) 12 (41.4%)
My treatment did not succeed 5 (9.1%) 3 (6.0%) 7 (9.2%) 1 (3.4%)
Different reason 2 (3.6%) 3 (6.0%) 4 (5.3%) 1 (3.4%)
Total 55 (100.0%) 50 (100.0%) 76 (100.0%) 29 (100.0%)
8. To whom do you usually refer?
A specialist outside the dental profession 9 (8.4%) 11 (11.3%) 0.518 12 (9.5%)a 8 (10.4%)a 0.033
A halitosis office hour within or without the practice 71 (66.4%) 57 (58.8%) 87 (69.0%)a 40 (51.9%)b
Different 27 (25.2%) 29 (29.9%) 27 (21.4%)a 29 (37.7%)b
Total 107 (100.0%) 97 (100.0%) 126 (100.0%) 77 (100.0%)
9. What is the most important reason for not referring?
I do not treat halitosis patients 17 (23.3%) 12 (14.8%) 0.592 17 (18.5%) 12 (19.4%) 1.000
I am not acquainted with the possibilities for referral 46 (63.0%) 55 (67.9%) 60 (65.2%) 41 (66.1%)
I can treat halitosis patients myself 9 (12.3%) 12 (14.8%) 13 (14.1%) 8 (12.9%)
Different reason 1 (1.4%) 2 (2.5%) 2 (2.2%) 1 (1.6%)
Total 73 (100.0%) 81 (100.0%) 92 (100.0%) 62 (100.0%)

Superscripts (a, b) in the tables denote groups that are significantly different from each other based on post hoc tests with Bonferroni correction