Figure 2.

Phylogenetic relationship of nine Y-chromosome lineages and their frequency in Native Americans, Mongolians, Europeans, and sub-Saharan Africans. The tree at the top displays the relationship of these lineages and the markers that were examined to identify them. The lineage frequency (%) in the populations examined here (with sample size in parentheses) is indicated in the middle. The mean lineage frequencies for major population groups are given at the bottom and were calculated from the data of Karafet et al. (1999) and Lell et al. (2002) and from the data collected here (the Na Dené being represented by the Chipewayan sample). The nomenclature of lineages follows the guidelines of the Y Chromosome Consortium (2002). Asterisks indicate lineages characterized by the derived state at that marker but the ancestral state at the other loci examined within that clade. For example, “P-M45*” refers to chromosomes carrying the derived M45 allele but the ancestral allele at marker M242—that is, P-M45*(x M242)—and Y* chromosomes carry the ancestral allele at all markers examined—that is, Y*(x M9, RPS4Y₇₁₁, YAP).