Table 4.
Statistically significant pooled within-country and country-level predictors timely (versus delayed) 12-month treatment mediated through barriersa
| Total | Low perceived severity | Financial | Other enabling | Low perceived treatment effectiveness | Perceived stigma | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | |
| I. Socio-demographics | ||||||
| Age 18–59 | 0.8* (0.6–1.0) | 0.9* (0.8–0.9) | 0.8* (0.7–1.0) | 0.8* (0.7–1.0) | 0.9 (0.7–1.0) | 0.8* (0.6–0.9) |
| X21 | 5.8* | 11.2* | 5.8* | 4.6* | 2.6 | 8.0* |
| Employment status (compared to employed) | ||||||
| Homemaker | 1.3* (1.0–1.7) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 1.3* (1.0–1.6) | 1.2* (1.0–1.5) | 1.3* (1.1–1.6) |
| Retired | 1.3* (1.0–1.7) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.2* (1.0–1.5) | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) |
| Student | 1.6* (1.2–2.2) | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | 1.3 (1.0–1.8) | 1.4* (1.1–1.8) | 1.4* (1.1–1.8) | 1.5* (1.2–2.0) |
| Disabled/Other/Unemployed | 1.2 (1.0–1.5) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.2* (1.0–1.4) | 1.2* (1.0–1.4) | 1.3* (1.1–1.5) |
| X24 | 13.4* | 5.3 | 5.2 | 11.7* | 10.9* | 14.6* |
| II. 12-month DSM-IV/CIDI disorders | ||||||
| GAD | 0.8* (0.7–0.9) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 0.9* (0.8–1.0) | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 0.8* (0.7–1.0) | 0.9* (0.7–1.0) |
| X21 | 7.5* | 0.9 | 4.2* | 3.5 | 7.3* | 5.0* |
| SP | 0.8* (0.7–1.0) | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) |
| X21 | 5.6* | 1.4 | 1.0 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 1.1 |
| Group X22 | 12.0* | 2.2 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 9.6* | 5.5 |
| III. Country-level variablesb | ||||||
| Healthcare spending/GDP | 0.9* (0.9–1.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 0.9* (0.9–1.0) | 0.9* (0.9–1.0) | 0.9* (0.9–1.0) | 0.9* (0.9–1.0) |
| X21 | 11.7* | 0.6 | 6.8* | 13.2* | 8.1* | 6.0* |
| (n) | (1595) | (829) | (1240) | (1116) | (1139) | (1260) |
Total the total sample with one or more 12-month disorders and perceived need who received treatment, Low perceived severity the total sample excluding those with treatment delay who reported low perceived severity as one or the reasons for doing so, Financial the total sample excluding those with treatment delay who reported financial barriers as one or the reasons for doing so, Other enabling the total sample excluding those with treatment delay who reported nonfinancial barriers in the domain of enabling factors as one or the reasons for doing so, Low perceived treatment effectiveness the total sample excluding those with treatment delay who reported low perceived treatment effectiveness as one of the reasons for not doing so, Stigma the total sample excluding those with treatment delay who reported perceived stigma as one or the reasons for doing so, RR risk-ratio predicting 12-month treatment contact without a delay (coded 1) versus with a delay (coded 0) based on a multivariable regression model using a Poisson link function for pooled within-country associations of the predictors with the outcome, 95% CI design-based 95% confidence interval of RR taking into consideration the weighting and geographic clustering of the WMH data; DSM-IV/CIDI disorders, disorders assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) based on DSM-IV criteria, see earlier tables for description of abbreviations; n, 1,595 respondents had one or more 12-month disorders, perceived need, and received 12-month treatment, whereas the smaller numbers in the remaining columns reflect the exclusion of respondents who obtained treatment with a delay and reported the reasons for delay indicated by the column heading
aBased on multivariable Poisson regression models, with surveys weighted by sample size and dummy variables for country, allowing coefficients to be interpreted as pooled weighted within-country coefficients. Respondents with none of the five barriers are kept in the sample for the regression models and coded to 0
bResults are from a separate model controlling for the same predictors but including the country-level variables as an additional predictor
*Significant at the 0.05 level, two-sided design-based test