Fig. 1.

Flagellin stimulation of cytokine production in PBMCs. PBMCs were harvested from individuals who were wild type TLR5 homozygotes (392RR, n = 7–8) or stop codon TLR5 heterozygotes (392R^*, n = 3–4). Cells were stimulated with flagellin at 125 ng·ml^-1 (A, C, and D) or lipopolysaccharide at 10 ng·ml^-1 (B) for 18 h, and supernatants were assayed by ELISA for IL-6 (A and B), TNF-α (C), or IL-1β (D). The mean level and SEM of each cytokine were derived by averaging the responses of different individuals' cells stimulated in triplicate. †, P < 0.05 by Student's t test.