Table 2. Clinical characteristics.

Variables	Overall (n = 446)	CVD (n = 133)	Non-CVD (n = 313)	P-value
Data are presented as means ± SD or n (%). *Presented as median (interquartile range). †Presented as follow-up on postoperative day 1. CVD: cardiovascular disease; E/e’avg: the ratio of early diastolic mitral inflow velocity to the averaged value of early diastolic mitral annulus velocities obtained from the septal and lateral side of mitral annulus; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; MINS: myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery; PACE: perioperative adverse cardiac event; PTE: pulmonary thromboembolism.
Laboratory findings
Hemoglobin, g/dL	11.2 (10.0–12.5)*	10.8 (9.5–12.3)*	11.2 (10.3–12.5)*	0.227
HbA1c, %	5.9 (5.4–6.6)*	5.9 (5.6–6.7)*	5.8 (5.4–6.6)*	0.046
Serum creatinine, mg/dL	0.8 (0.6–1.2)*	1.0 (0.7–1.6)*	0.7 (0.6–1.0)*	< 0.001
Albumin, mg/dL	3.8 (3.5–4.2)*	3.8 (3.5–4.1)*	3.8 (3.6–4.2)*	0.260
Creatine kinase–myoglobin binding, ng/mL	2.2 (1.6–4.0)*	2.2 (1.6–4.7)*	2.2 (1.6–3.8)*	0.978
Troponin I, ng/mL	0.009 (0.005–0.015)*	0.011 (0.009–0.023)*	0.008 (0.005–0.013)*	< 0.001
Troponin I, ng/mL†	0.015 (0.009–0.028)*	0.021 (0.012–0.034)*	0.012 (0.008–0.024)*	< 0.001
Revised Cardiac Risk Index score ≥ 1	167 (37.4%)	121 (91.0%)	46 (14.7%)	< 0.001
Echocardiographic findings
LVEF, %	60.9 ± 8.3	59.2 ± 9.4	61.6 ± 7.6	0.015
E/e’avg	8.5 (6.8–10.9)*	9.4 (7.6–11.4)*	8.3 (6.6–10.7)*	0.022
Surgery type				0.057
Total hip arthroplasty	41 (9.2%)	8 (6.0%)	33 (10.5%)
Hemiarthroplasty	139 (31.2%)	51 (38.3%)	88 (28.1%)
Internal fixation	266 (59.6%)	74 (55.6%)	192 (61.3%)
Total operation time, min	85.0 (65.0–110.0)*	88.0 (65.0–112.5)*	85.0 (65.0–110.3)*	0.117
Blood loss during operation, mL	150.0 (100.0–250.0)*	150.0 (100.0–225.0)*	200.0 (100.0–300.0)*	0.368
Composite PACEs	66 (14.8%)	27 (20.3%)	39 (12.5%)	0.033
Congestive heart failure	30 (6.7%)	13 (9.8%)	17 (5.4%)	0.094
Cardiogenic shock	23 (5.2%)	9 (6.8%)	14 (4.5%)	0.316
MINS	9 (2.0%)	1 (0.8%)	8 (2.6%)	0.291
Arrhythmic event	9 (2.0%)	5 (3.8%)	4 (1.3%)	0.134
Ischemic stroke	4 (0.9%)	2 (1.5%)	2 (0.6%)	0.586
Acute PTE	3 (0.7%)	2 (1.5%)	1 (0.3%)	0.213
Length of hospital stay, days	12.0 (9.0–16.0)*	12.0 (9.5–17.0)*	12.0 (9.0–15.0)*	0.010
Medications at discharge
Angiotensin–converting enzyme inhibitor or Angiotensin II receptor blocker	201 (45.1%)	73 (54.9%)	128 (40.9%)	0.007
Beta–blocker	36 (8.1%)	22 (16.5%)	14 (4.5%)	< 0.001
Calcium channel blocker	173 (38.8%)	62 (46.6%)	111 (35.5%)	0.027
Diuretics	84 (18.8%)	40 (30.1%)	44 (14.1%)	< 0.001
Antiplatelet	165 (37.0%)	79 (59.4%)	86 (27.5%)	< 0.001
Statin	206 (46.2%)	85 (63.9%)	121 (38.7%)	< 0.001
Anticoagulant	38 (8.5%)	28 (21.1%)	10 (3.2%)	< 0.001