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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Feb 10.
Published in final edited form as: Mol Genet Metab. 2024 Dec 13;144(1):109001. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2024.109001

Table 1.

Most common dysmorphic features reported in 374 IMDs according to six organ groups. For details also see Supplemental Table S2.

Head and face % Nose and philtrum % Mouth and tongue % Other %
Micrognathia 13.8 Broad nasal bridge 14.9 High arched palate 15.5 Short stature 44.1
Coarse face 13.3 Depressed nasal bridge 14.1 Cleft palate 12.1 Hernias 11.0
Retrognathia 5.9 Long philtrum 11.2 Thin upper lip 11.6 Inverted nipples 9.3
High forehead 5.7 Anteverted nares 7.2 Slender upper lip 6.0 Short neck 9.3
Midface hypoplasia 5.7 Bulbous nose 5.6 Wide mouth 4.3 Hypospadias 3.4
Facial dysmorphism 4.4 Short nose 5.6 Open mouth 3.4 Retrognathia 2.5
Long face 4.2 Short philtrum 4.4 Small mouth 3.4 Kyphosis 1.7
Frontal bossing 3.7 High nasal bridge 3.6 Thin lips 3.4 Loose, wrinkled skin 1.7
Bitemporal narrowing 3.4 Prominent nose 2.8 Macroglossia 3.0 Pectus carinatum 1.7
Triangular face 3.4 Broad nose 2.4 Tented upper lip 3.0 Short limbs 1.7
Periorbital region % Ear % Hands and feet % Supernumerary nipple 1.7
Widely spaced eyes 16.6 Low set ears 41.2 Clubfoot 16.0 Widely spaced nipples 1.7
Epicanthal fold 12.5 Large ears 12.1 Syndactyly 8.4 Aged appearance 0.8
Hypertelorism 8.2 Square ears 8.5 Clinodactyly 6.9 Barrel-shaped chest 0.8
Microphthalmia 6.6 Posteriorly rotated ears 7.3 Long digits 6.9 Brachycephaly 0.8
Strabismus 6.0 Dysplastic ears 6.7 Camptodactyly 5.3 Broad neck 0.8
Deeply set eyes 5.6 Prominent ears 3.6 Brachydactyly 3.1 Congenital hip dislocation 0.8
Down-slanting palpebral fissures 5.6 Cupped ears 3.0 Tapered digits 3.1 Cryptorchidism 0.8
Up-slanting palpebral fissures 5.3 Large malformed ears 2.4 Adducted thumbs 2.3 Dwarfism 0.8
Synophrys 2.5 Macrotia 2.4 Nail hypoplasia 2.3 Microdontia 0.8
Esotropia 2.2 Large lobes 1.8 Short metacarpals 2.3 Mongolian spot 0.8