Table 3.
Analyses of cardiovascular risk factors as potential predictors of macular degeneration within SHECC. Results are presented as Hazard Ratios (HR) with 99% Confidence Intervals (CI), and P values. Two models presented: no adjustment; age, sex, smoking, BMI and alcohol adjusted. Continuous data grouped as quartiles, or as specifically defined groups (i.e. education etc.)
| Variable | Grouping | Macular degeneration | Adjusted for + age + sex + smoking + BMI + alcohol | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (99% CI) | P value | HR (99% CI) | P value | ||
| Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | Q1 ≤ 117 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Q2 = 118–128 | 1.19 (0.73–1.93) | 0.354 | 0.99 (0.61–1.63) | 0.979 | |
| Q3 = 129–143 | 1.02 (0.62–1.68) | 0.910 | 0.76 (0.46–1.27) | 0.175 | |
| Q4 ≥ 144 | 1.63 (1.01–2.62) | 0.009 | 0.90 (0.54–1.50) | 0.581 | |
| Systolic BP | 10mmHg increase | 1.07 (0.98–1.16) | 0.061 | 0.95 (0.86–1.04) | 0.131 |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | Q1 ≤ 72 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Q2 = 73–80 | 1.13 (0.71–1.82) | 0.493 | 0.96 (0.59–1.55) | 0.828 | |
| Q3 = 81–88 | 1.13 (0.70–1.83) | 0.503 | 0.91 (0.55–1.49) | 0.615 | |
| Q4 ≥ 89 | 0.89 (0.53–1.50) | 0.568 | 0.66 (0.39–1.14) | 0.052 | |
| Diastolic BP | 10mmHg increase | 0.99 (0.86–1.14) | 0.865 | 0.91 (0.78–1.06) | 0.110 |
| Pulse pressure (mmHg) | Q1 ≤ 40 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Q2 = 41–48 | 1.40 (0.86–2.26) | 0.075 | 1.26 (0.77–2.06) | 0.224 | |
| Q3 = 49–58 | 1.28 (0.78–2.11) | 0.199 | 0.98 (0.59–1.63) | 0.911 | |
| Q4 ≥ 59 | 1.67 (1.01–2.75) | 0.009 | 0.95 (0.56–1.61) | 0.799 | |
| Pulse rate (beats/min) | Q1 ≤ 67 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Q2 = 68–75 | 1.39 (0.81–2.38) | 0.118 | 1.41 (0.81–2.46) | 0.108 | |
| Q3 = 76–83 | 1.25 (0.72–2.18) | 0.305 | 1.27 (0.72–2.26) | 0.283 | |
| Q4 ≥ 84 | 1.29 (0.76–2.19) | 0.210 | 1.33 (0.77–2.29) | 0.176 | |
| Total Cholesterol (mmol/L) | Q1 ≤ 5.3 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Q2 = 5.4–6.1 | 1.13 (0.66–1.91) | 0.559 | 0.90 (0.52–1.53) | 0.597 | |
| Q3 = 6.2–7.0 | 1.11 (0.65–1.90) | 0.612 | 0.71 (0.41–1.25) | 0.119 | |
| Q4 ≥ 7.1 | 1.49 (0.90–2.47) | 0.042 | 0.77 (0.45–1.31) | 0.203 | |
| HDL (mmol/L) | Q1 ≤ 1.15 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Q2 = 1.16–1.41 | 0.87 (0.49–1.54) | 0.547 | 0.83 (0.46–1.48) | 0.411 | |
| Q3 = 1.42–1.71 | 1.03 (0.60–1.77) | 0.846 | 0.87 (0.49–1.56) | 0.587 | |
| Q4 ≥ 1.72 | 1.07 (0.63–1.82) | 0.719 | 0.87 (0.48–1.60) | 0.591 | |
| Non-HDL (mmol/L) | Q1 ≤ 3.8 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Q2 = 3.9–4.6 | 1.17 (0.70–1.97) | 0.426 | 0.87 (0.51–1.47) | 0.494 | |
| Q3 = 4.7–5.5 | 1.04 (0.60–1.78) | 0.869 | 0.66 (0.38–1.15) | 0.055 | |
| Q4 ≥ 5.6 | 1.27 (0.76–2.14) | 0.230 | 0.67 (0.39–1.16) | 0.063 | |
| LDL (mmol/L) | Q1 ≤ 1.8 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Q2 = 1.9–2.4 | 1.26 (0.66–2.42) | 0.356 | 1.04 (0.54–2.00) | 0.870 | |
| Q3 = 2.5–3.1 | 1.24 (0.64–2.40) | 0.392 | 0.88 (0.45–1.72) | 0.632 | |
| Q4 ≥ 3.2 | 2.16 (1.21–3.87) | < 0.001 | 1.38 (0.76–2.49) | 0.168 | |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | Q1 ≤ 1.0 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Q2 = 1.1–1.5 | 1.17 (0.70–1.94) | 0.432 | 0.95 (0.56–1.60) | 0.788 | |
| Q3 = 1.6–2.3 | 1.33 (0.80–2.19) | 0.145 | 0.96 (0.56–1.65) | 0.859 | |
| Q4 ≥ 2.4 | 1.31 (0.78–2.19) | 0.180 | 1.02 (0.58–1.81) | 0.915 | |
| Apolipoprotein-A (g/L) | Q1 ≤ 1.2 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Q2 = 1.3–1.4 | 1.64 (0.92–2.90) | 0.026 | 1.54 (0.87–2.74) | 0.054 | |
| Q3 = 1.5–1.6 | 1.59 (0.90–2.81) | 0.038 | 1.37 (0.76–2.47) | 0.172 | |
| Q4 ≥ 1.7 | 1.34 (0.75–2.40) | 0.199 | 1.04 (0.55–1.94) | 0.887 | |
| Apolipoprotein-B (g/L) | Q1 ≤ 0.8 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Q2 = 0.9–1.0 | 0.90 (0.53–1.52) | 0.598 | 0.67 (0.39–1.15) | 0.058 | |
| Q3 = 1.1–1.2 | 1.14 (0.68–1.90) | 0.524 | 0.74 (0.44–1.26) | 0.147 | |
| Q4 ≥ 1.3 | 1.14 (0.68–1.93) | 0.513 | 0.65 (0.38–1.13) | 0.046 | |
| Lipoprotein a (mg/dL) | Q1 ≤ 5.1 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Q2 = 5.2–11.2 | 1.03 (0.60–1.78) | 0.872 | 0.97 (0.56–1.67) | 0.873 | |
| Q3 = 11.3–28.5 | 0.98 (0.56–1.72) | 0.941 | 0.86 (0.50–1.51) | 0.502 | |
| Q4 ≥ 28.6 | 1.32 (0.79–2.21) | 0.166 | 1.22 (0.73–2.05) | 0.323 | |
| Homocysteine (µmol/L) | Q1 ≤ 11.3 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Q2 = 11.4–13.5 | 1.16 (0.68–1.97) | 0.486 | 1.00 (0.58–1.72) | 0.999 | |
| Q3 = 13.6–16.5 | 1.27 (0.75–2.16) | 0.249 | 0.97 (0.56–1.68) | 0.889 | |
| Q4 ≥ 16.6 | 1.51 (0.89–2.57) | 0.047 | 1.16 (0.67–2.01) | 0.494 | |
| HsTroponin I (pg/mL) | Q1 ≤ 1.8 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Q2 = 1.9–3.9 | 1.22 (0.66–2.26) | 0.399 | 0.92 (0.49–1.72) | 0.733 | |
| Q3 = 4.0–6.0 | 1.40 (0.78–2.51) | 0.144 | 1.04 (0.57–1.88) | 0.880 | |
| Q4 ≥ 6.1 | 1.75 (0.98–2.15) | 0.014 | 1.16 (0.63–2.13) | 0.536 | |
| NT-pro BNP (pg/mL) | Q1 ≤ 24.2 | Reference | Reference | ||
| Q2 = 24.3–49.0 | 2.01 (1.03–3.93) | 0.007 | 1.65 (0.84–3.25) | 0.058 | |
| Q3 = 49.1–93.5 | 2.22 (1.15–4.31) | 0.002 | 1.58 (0.79–3.13) | 0.089 | |
| Q4 ≥ 93.6 | 2.68 (1.37–5.23) | < 0.001 | 1.57 (0.77–3.20) | 0.103 | |