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. 2025 Feb 10;25:67. doi: 10.1186/s12886-025-03868-5

Table 5.

Analyses of nutrients and wet AMD within SHHEC. Results are presented as Hazard Ratios (HR) with 99% Confidence Intervals (CI), and P values. Two models presented: no adjustment; age, sex, smoking, BMI and alcohol adjusted. Continuous data grouped as quartiles, or as specifically defined groups (i.e. education etc.)

Variable Grouping Macular degeneration Adjusted for + age + sex + smoking + BMI + alcohol
HR (99% CI) P value HR (99% CI) P value
Fat (g/day) Q1 ≤ 63.7 Reference Reference
Q2 = 63.8–79.9 0.96 (0.58–1.58) 0.944 1.00 (0.61–1.67) 0.761
Q3 = 80.0–97.9 1.11 (0.69–1.81) 0.297 1.18 (0.72–1.94) 0.174
Q4 ≥ 98.0 1.12 (0.68–1.83) 0.332 1.19 (0.72–1.99) 0.175
Saturated Fat (g/day) Q1 ≤ 26.8 Reference Reference
Q2 = 26.9–34.7 0.72 (0.42–1.23) 0.835 0.76 (0.44–1.32) 0.981
Q3 = 34.8–43.9 1.17 (0.73–1.89) 0.566 1.23 (0.75–2.00) 0.379
Q4 ≥ 44.0 1.12 (0.69–1.84) 0.568 1.15 (0.69–1.91) 0.374
Polyunsaturated fat (g/day) Q1 ≤ 7.1 Reference Reference
Q2 = 7.2–9.6 0.87 (0.54–1.42) 0.463 0.90 (0.55–1.48) 0.601
Q3 = 9.7–13.1 0.89 (0.55–1.46) 0.555 1.00 (0.61–1.64) 0.996
Q4 ≥ 13.2 0.94 (0.58–1.52) 0.744 1.11 (0.68–1.83) 0.581
Protein (g/day) Q1 ≤ 67.4 Reference Reference
Q2 = 67.5–79.5 0.90 (0.57–1.43) 0.570 0.94 (0.59–1.49) 0.729
Q3 = 79.6–93.6 0.69 (0.42–1.13) 0.050 0.78 (0.47–1.29) 0.199
Q4 ≥ 93.7 0.93 (0.58–1.48) 0.675 1.07 (0.65–1.75) 0.733
Carbohydrates (g/day) Q1 ≤ 178.1 Reference Reference
Q2 = 178.2–230.1 1.07 (0.68–1.67) 0.715 1.17 (0.74–1.84) 0.380
Q3 = 230.2–293.1 0.86 (0.53–1.40) 0.425 0.99 (0.59–1.66) 0.976
Q4 ≥ 293.2 0.88 (0.53–1.44) 0.494 1.17 (0.67–2.03) 0.472
Starch (g/day) Q1 ≤ 105.9 Reference Reference
Q2 = 105.9–140.0 1.09 (0.69–1.70) 0.638 1.16 (0.74–1.82) 0.405
Q3 = 140.0–181.7 0.81 (0.50–1.32) 0.275 0.87 (0.52–1.46) 0.502
Q4 ≥ 181.7 0.79 (0.48–1.30) 0.224 1.01 (0.58–1.76) 0.957
Sugar (g/day) Q1 ≤ 61.7 Reference Reference
Q2 = 61.8–84.7 0.91 (0.58–1.44) 0.598 0.99 (0.62–1.58) 0.962
Q3 = 84.8–117.5 0.87 (0.54–1.41) 0.452 0.97 (0.59–1.60) 0.892
Q4 ≥ 117.6 1.02 (0.63–1.65) 0.907 1.29 (0.77–2.16) 0.196
Alcohol (g/day) Q1 = 0.0 Reference Reference
Q2 = 0.1–6.6 0.69 (0.43–1.11) 0.044 0.74 (0.46–1.19) 0.101
Q3 = 6.7–18.9 0.60 (0.38–0.95) 0.005 0.74 (0.46–1.19) 0.106
Q4 ≥ 19.0 0.67 (0.42–1.07) 0.026 1.00 (0.59–1.69) 0.995
Cereal fibre (g/day) Q1 ≤ 5.3 Reference Reference
Q2 = 5.4–7.9 0.54 (0.32–0.91) 0.002 0.57 (0.34–0.97) 0.006
Q3 = 8.0–11.4 0.82 (0.52–1.31) 0.281 0.85 (0.53–1.36) 0.364
Q4 ≥ 11.5 0.85 (0.54–1.34) 0.362 0.87 (0.55–1.39) 0.446
Vegetable fibre (g/day) Q1 ≤ 8.2 Reference Reference
Q2 = 8.3–10.9 0.91 (0.57–1.46) 0.621 0.98 (0.61–1.58) 0.917
Q3 = 11.0–13.8 0.85 (0.53–1.37) 0.383 0.97 (0.60–1.57) 0.865
Q4 ≥ 13.9 0.77 (0.47–1.26) 0.167 0.85 (0.51–1.41) 0.405
Vitamin C (mg/d) Q1 ≤ 36.3 Reference Reference
Q2 = 36.4–51.0 0.76 (0.47–1.22) 0.129 0.80 (0.50–1.30) 0.241
Q3 = 51.1–70.7 0.79 (0.49–1.27) 0.197 0.82 (0.51–1.32) 0.292
Q4 ≥ 70.8 0.88 (0.55–1.41) 0.497 0.86 (0.53–1.39) 0.424
Total energy (kcal/d) Q1 ≤ 1629.5 Reference Reference
Q2 = 1629.6–1996.1 0.98 (0.62–1.56) 0.921 1.02 (0.64–1.63) 0.903
Q3 = 1996.2–2443.3 0.98 (0.61–1.57) 0.909 1.12 (0.68–1.83) 0.569
Q4 ≥ 2443.4 0.85 (0.51–1.41) 0.412 1.10 (0.62–1.94) 0.661
Dietary Cholesterol (mg/d) Q1 ≤ 253.9 Reference Reference
Q2 = 254.0–331.1 0.81 (0.49–1.35) 0.292 0.78 (0.46–1.30) 0.206
Q3 = 331.2–425.0 1.15 (0.72–1.84) 0.448 1.10 (0.68–1.78) 0.596
Q4 ≥ 425.1 1.03 (0.63–1.68) 0.884 1.05 (0.63–1.73) 0.816
Retinol (mcg/d) Q1 ≤ 380.3 Reference Reference
Q2 = 380.4–585.5 1.25 (0.76–2.05) 0.241 1.22 (0.74–2.00) 0.313
Q3 = 585.6–880.7 0.88 (0.52–1.49) 0.531 0.84 (0.49–1.43) 0.393
Q4 ≥ 880.8 1.26 (0.77–2.05) 0.232 1.13 (0.69–1.86) 0.529
Beta carotene (mg/d) Q1 ≤ 1648.0 Reference Reference
Q2 = 1648.1–3140.7 0.80 (0.49–1.32) 0.250 0.73 (0.45–1.21) 0.111
Q3 = 3140.8–4573.4 0.82 (0.50–1.34) 0.305 0.75 (0.46–1.23) 0.136
Q4 ≥ 4573.5 1.02 (0.64–1.63) 0.909 0.83 (0.52–1.34) 0.317
Alpha tocopherol (mg/d) Q1 ≤ 4.0 Reference Reference
Q2 = 4.1–5.4 0.83 (0.51–1.35) 0.329 0.86 (0.53–1.39) 0.409
Q3 = 5.5–7.9 0.94 (0.58–1.52) 0.728 0.98 (0.60–1.61) 0.926
Q4 ≥ 8.0 0.96 (0.59–1.55) 0.822 1.00 (0.61–1.63) 0.996
Linoleic acid (mg/d) Q1 ≤ 5.2 Reference Reference
Q2 = 5.3–7.3 0.76 (0.46–1.24) 0.144 0.81 (0.50–1.33) 0.273
Q3 = 7.4–10.3 0.90 (0.56–1.47) 0.591 0.99 (0.60–1.62) 0.948
Q4 ≥ 10.4 1.01 (0.63–1.61) 0.961 1.16 (0.72–1.88) 0.419
Iron (mg/d) Q1 ≤ 9.3 Reference Reference
Q2 = 9.4–11.5 0.99 (0.62–1.59) 0.976 1.02 (0.63–1.64) 0.918
Q3 = 11.6–14.4 0.85 (0.52–1.39) 0.390 0.88 (0.54–1.46) 0.521
Q4 ≥ 14.5 0.97 (0.60–1.56) 0.872 1.02 (0.63–1.67) 0.901
Vitamin K (mcg/d) Q1 ≤ 43.8 Reference Reference
Q2 = 43.9–60.7 0.46 (0.26–0.81)  < 0.001 0.49 (0.28–0.86) 0.001
Q3 = 60.8–81.6 0.85 (0.53–1.35) 0.357 0.87 (0.55–1.39) 0.444
Q4 ≥ 81.7 0.55 (0.33–0.92) 0.003 0.56 (0.34–0.94) 0.004
Trans fatty acids (g/d) Q1 ≤ 4.6 Reference Reference
Q2 = 4.7–6.1 0.97 (0.58–1.64) 0.89 0.97 (0.57–1.64) 0.877
Q3 = 6.2–8.0 1.02 (0.61–1.70) 0.916 1.02 (0.61–1.72) 0.908
Q4 ≥ 8.1 1.20 (0.73–1.97) 0.344 1.19 (0.72–1.97) 0.379
Vegetable trans Fatty Acids (g/d) Q1 ≤ 1.7 Reference Reference
Q2 = 1.8–2.4 1.10 (0.66–1.81) 0.638 1.18 (0.71–1.95) 0.404
Q3 = 2.5–3.3 0.88 (0.51–1.50) 0.525 0.92 (0.54–1.58) 0.693
Q4 ≥ 3.4 1.21 (0.73–2.00) 0.326 1.21 (0.72–2.02) 0.337
Animal trans Fatty Acids (g/d) Q1 ≤ 1.9 Reference Reference
Q2 = 2.0–3.4 1.08 (0.65–1.78) 0.705 1.03 (0.62–1.70) 0.897
Q3 = 3.5–5.2 0.85 (0.50–1.45) 0.424 0.84 (0.49–1.45) 0.413
Q4 ≥ 5.3 1.11 (0.67–1.85) 0.586 1.07 (0.64–1.80) 0.719