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Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences logoLink to Journal of Central South University Medical Sciences
. 2024 Sep 28;49(9):1421–1430. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2024.230603

血清肿瘤标志物在脊柱肿瘤与脊柱感染早期鉴别诊断中的价值

Value of serum tumor markers in early differential diagnosis of spinal tumors and spinal infections

TANG Bo 1,2,2, HU Xiaojiang 1,2, XU Dongcheng 1,2, ZHANG Guang 1,2, ZHANG Hongqi 1,2, GUO Chaofeng 1,2, LIU Shaohua 1,2, GAO Qile 1,2, LI Yanbing 2,3, TANG Mingxing 1,2,
Editor: 陈 丽文
PMCID: PMC11814390  PMID: 39931772

Abstract

Objective

The early imaging features of spinal tumors and spinal infections are similar, and the lack of specific early diagnostic indicators can lead to misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis. Although serum tumor markers have been widely used in early cancer screening, spinal tumors are mostly metastatic, lacking specific markers, and some patients with spinal tumors may even test negative for tumor markers. Therefore, the role of tumor markers in the early differential diagnosis of spinal tumors remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the value of tumor markers in the early differential diagnosis of spinal tumors and spinal infection.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 221 patients with spinal bone destruction admitted to Xiangya Hospital of Central South University between April 2017 and October 2022. Peripheral blood levels of 10 tumor markers were measured upon admission, including carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha fetoprotein (AFP), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), cytokeratin 19 fragment antigen 21-1 (cyfra21-1), carbohydrate antigen 199 (CA199), carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125), carbohydrate antigen 72-4 (CA72-4), pepsinogen I (PGI), pepsinogen II (PGII), and the PGI/PGII ratio (PGR). Univariate Logistic analysis was used to screen relevant variables, and the correlation between tumor markers was analyzed. Multivariate Logistic regression was then employed to identify risk and protective factors. The optimal cut-off values were calculated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Youden index, and a differential diagnosis model for early spinal tumors and spinal infections was constructed based on the selected indicators. Diagnostic performance was then evaluated.

Results

According to the pathological diagnosis, 91 patients had spinal tumors, and 130 patients had spinal infections. The levels of CEA, AFP, NSE, cyfra21-1, CA199, and CA72-4 were higher in the spinal tumor group than those in the spinal infection group, while PGR was lower, with statistically significant differences (all P<0.05). Univariate Logistic analysis showed significant differences in CEA, AFP, NSE, cyfra21-1, CA199, CA125, CA72-4, and PGR (all P<0.05). Correlation analysis indicated a strong positive correlation between CEA and cyfra21-1, CA199, and CA125, as well as a strong negative correlation of PGII with PGI and PGR. Multivariate Logistic analysis identified AFP and cyfra21-1 as risk factors (P<0.01) and PGR as a protective factor (P<0.05). When the standard cut-off values (AFP<20 ng/mL, cyfra21-1< 3.3 ng/mL, and PGR>3) were applied, AFP had a sensitivity of 3.3% and accuracy of 60.2%, cyfra21-1 had a sensitivity of 20.9% and accuracy of 66.1%, and PGR had a sensitivity of 2.2% and accuracy of 59.3%. The AUC of the early spinal tumor diagnosis model was 0.623. Using the optimal cut-off values (AFP<1.625 ng/mL, cyfra21-1<1.175 ng/mL, and PGR>11.05) from the ROC curve, AFP had a sensitivity of 69.2% and accuracy of 64.7%, cyfra21-1 had a sensitivity of 68.1% and accuracy of 70.1%, and PGR had a sensitivity of 62.6% and accuracy of 57.5%, with the model’s AUC at 0.772.

Conclusion

A comparative analysis of 10 serum tumor markers reveals that AFP, cyfra21-1, and PGR are significantly associated with spinal tumors. The diagnostic model constructed based on these 3 markers shows promising predictive performance and may be helpful to the differentiation for the early clinical diagnosis of spinal tumors and spinal infection.

Keywords: spinal tumors, spinal infection, serum tumor markers, early differential diagnosis, optimal cut-off value


脊柱肿瘤及脊柱感染均为脊柱常见疾病,二者早期临床症状多表现为腰背部疼痛,影像学检查均可见椎体骨质破坏、塌陷、病理学骨折等表现,临床鉴别诊断难度较大[1]。脊柱肿瘤多为恶性病变,手术切除是最佳的治疗方式;脊柱感染为良性病变,临床多采用规范的抗感染治疗方案,手术仅作为辅助治疗手段。早期对脊柱肿瘤与脊柱感染进行准确的鉴别诊断有助于明确治疗方案,预防神经功能障碍和脊柱畸形的发生,改善患者预后。目前临床鉴别诊断脊柱感染与脊柱肿瘤需要取组织标本行病理学检查,但穿刺活检或手术切除病灶均为有创操作,有损伤重要组织、血管和导致肿瘤转移、感染播散等风险。肿瘤标志物是存在于肿瘤细胞内、由肿瘤细胞产生或宿主受肿瘤刺激而产生的物质,包括肿瘤细胞的代谢产物、肿瘤细胞坏死分解后释放入血液循环的物质、宿主细胞对肿瘤的反应性产物等,能够反映肿瘤的发生发展和监测肿瘤对治疗的反应[2-3]。研究[4-5]显示:血常规、C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、红细胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate,ESR)、降钙素原(procalcitonin,PCT)等常规实验室指标常用于感染性疾病的诊断,但这些指标在非感染性疾病中的诊断特异性较差。目前,血清学肿瘤标志物可作为门诊影像学检查疑似脊柱肿瘤患者的重要筛查指标,但脊柱肿瘤不同于其他部位的原发肿瘤,并无特异性肿瘤标志物[2]。本研究回顾性收集门诊影像学检查提示脊柱肿瘤或脊柱感染患者入院时的一般资料和血清肿瘤标志物数据,通过分析各项血清肿瘤标志物的表达水平来筛选与脊柱肿瘤早期鉴别诊断相关的肿瘤标志物,并构建早期鉴别诊断模型,评估其诊断效能。

1. 资料与方法

1.1. 一般资料

收集 2017年4月至2022年10月在中南大学湘雅医院诊治的疑似脊柱肿瘤或脊柱感染的骨质破坏患者资料。本研究获得中南大学湘雅医院伦理委员会批准(审批号:201303232),入组参与者及其家属知晓本研究的大致内容和目的,并签署知情同意书。

1.2. 诊断标准、纳入标准和排除标准

脊柱肿瘤诊断标准:患者经穿刺活检或开放手术获取的病灶组织行病理学检查提示肿瘤性病变。脊柱感染诊断标准:1)穿刺活检或开放手术获取的病灶组织的病理学检查提示存在感染(包括炎性病变、化脓性炎、肉芽肿性炎等);2)病灶组织的细菌或真菌培养结果或涂片结果呈阳性;3)病灶组织结核分枝杆菌群DNA检测(Xpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis/rifampicin,Xpert MTB/RIF)结果呈阳性。符合上述3项中的任意1项即可确诊脊柱感染。

纳入标准:1)病历资料(包括入院时的一般资料、血清肿瘤标志物检验结果)完整的患者;2)门诊实验室检查结果和影像学资料显示疑似脊柱肿瘤或脊柱感染的患者;3)入院后行手术治疗(穿刺活检或开放手术)且有明确病理诊断结果的患者[6]。排除标准:1)入组前1个月内有重大外伤史、手术史的患者;2)合并自身免疫性疾病、慢性消耗性疾病的患者;3)合并严重的心、肺、肾等脏器功能疾病以及多器官功能衰竭的患者;4)既往有恶性肿瘤史或肿瘤合并感染的患者[7]

1.3. 肿瘤标志物检测方法

采集所有参与者入院后第2天清晨空腹外周静脉血5 mL,以3 500 r/min离心10 min,留取上清液保存于4 ℃冰箱中待检。采用化学发光法测定肿瘤标志物水平,多肿瘤标志物定量检测试剂盒购自上海透景生命科技有限公司,操作步骤严格按照说明书执行。各项肿瘤标志物的正常参考值或参考值范围为:癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA)<5 ng/mL,甲胎蛋白(alpha fetoprotein,AFP)<20 ng/mL,神经元特异性烯醇化酶(neuron-specific enolase,NSE)<13 ng/mL,细胞角蛋白19片段抗原21-1(cytokeratin 19 fragment antigen 21-1,cyfra21-1)<3.3 ng/mL,糖类抗原199(carbohydrate antigen 199,CA199)<35 U/mL,糖类抗原125(carbohydrate antigen 125,CA125)<35 U/mL,糖类抗原72-4(carbohydrate antigen 72-4,CA72-4)<6.9 U/mL,胃蛋白酶原I(pepsinogen I,PGI)30~300 ng/mL,胃蛋白酶原II(pepsinogen II,PGII)<15 ng/mL,PGI与PGII的比值(PGI to PGII ratio,PGR)>3。

1.4. 统计学处理

采用SPSS 20.0软件和GraphPad Prism 9对样本数据进行统计学分析。计量资料不符合正态分布,采用中位数(第1四分位数,第3四分位数)进行描述,组间比较采用非参数检验;计数资料以例数和百分比(%)表示,组间比较采用χ 2检验。采用Logistic分析筛选危险因素,采用斯皮尔曼(Spearman)相关系数进行相关性分析,当P<0.05时认为具有相关性(P<0.05为弱相关,P<0.01为中等相关,P<0.001为强相关),结果以相关性热图呈现。诊断结果在相关网站上进行计算[8]。所有图形的绘制使用R语言4.3.0版本,受试者操作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲线的计算使用pROC包,ROC曲线和曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)柱状图的绘制使用tidyverse包完成;相关性热图的绘制使用corplot包完成;森林图的绘制使用forestplot包完成。绘制出ROC曲线,约登指数(敏感度+特异度-1)最大时对应的切点为诊断脊柱肿瘤的最佳临界值(cut-off值)。

2. 结 果

2.1. 基本情况

根据纳入和排除标准,共纳入221例脊柱骨质破坏患者,依照病理学诊断结果,其中91例患者确诊为脊柱肿瘤,其他130例患者确诊为脊柱感染。脊柱肿瘤组与脊柱感染组患者的年龄和性别比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);在血清肿瘤标志物比较方面,除CA125、PGI、PGII外,脊柱肿瘤组患者的CEA、AFP、NSE、cyfra21-1、CA199、CA72-4水平均高于脊柱感染组,PGR水平低于脊柱感染组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05,表1)。

表1.

脊柱肿瘤组与脊柱感染组一般资料及血清肿瘤标志物的单因素分析

Table 1 Univariate analysis of general information and serum tumor markers between the spinal tumor group and the spinal infection group

变量 脊柱感染组(n=130) 脊柱肿瘤组(n=91) 统计值 P
性别/[例(%)] χ 2=0.677 0.493
63(48.46) 39(42.86)
67(51.54) 52(57.14)
年龄/岁 55.0(49.0, 62.0) 55.0(48.0, 66.0) Z=-0.923 0.357
CEA/(ng·mL-1) 0.74(0.37, 1.12) 1.09(0.60, 2.08) Z=-3.957 <0.001
AFP/(ng·mL-1) 1.39(1.02, 2.08) 1.93(1.46, 2.91) Z=-4.945 <0.001
NSE/(ng·mL-1) 4.56(3.21, 6.18) 5.58(3.74, 7.58) Z=-2.584 0.010
Cyfra21-1/(ng·mL-1) 0.92(0.66, 1.25) 1.64(0.85, 2.98) Z=-5.541 <0.001
CA199/(U·mL-1) 5.66(3.90, 10.38) 10.34(5.76, 19.44) Z=-4.250 <0.001
变量 脊柱感染组(n=130) 脊柱肿瘤组(n=91) 统计值 P
CA125/(U·mL-1) 8.69(6.17, 12.97) 8.55(5.40, 12.74) Z=-0.224 0.823
CA72-4/(U·mL-1) 0.59(0.29, 1.34) 0.81(0.36, 2.08) Z=-2.017 0.044
PGI/(ng·mL-1) 62.98(49.89, 85.66) 58.2(40.84, 86.08) Z=-1.364 0.173
PGII/(ng·mL-1) 5.68(4.22, 7.95) 6.48(4.31, 9.05) Z=-1.398 0.162
PGR 11.32(9.02, 14.11) 10.02(8.12, 13.05) Z=-2.438 0.015

计量资料不符合正态分布,采用中位数(第1四分位数,第3四分位数)表示。CEA:癌胚抗原;AFP:甲胎蛋白;NSE:神经元特异性烯醇化酶;Cyfra21-1:细胞角蛋白19片段抗原21-1;CA199:糖类抗原199;CA125:糖类抗原125;CA72-4:糖类抗原72-4;PGI:胃蛋白酶原I;PGII:胃蛋白酶原II;PGR:胃蛋白酶原I与胃蛋白酶原II的比值。

2.2. 各项血清肿瘤标志物的相关性分析

通过单因素Logistic分析绘制出ROC曲线(图1A),并将结果用柱状图(图1B)展示。对10种肿瘤标志物进行相关性分析,并绘制出相关性热图,结果显示CEA与cyfra21-1、CA199、CA125存在强正相关性,PGII与PGI、PGR存在强负相关性(图1C)。

图1.

图1

各项肿瘤标志物早期诊断脊柱肿瘤的效能及相关性分析

Figure 1 Efficacy and correlation analysis of various tumor markers for early diagnosis of spinal tumors

A: ROC curves for early diagnosis of spinal tumors by each tumor marker; B: Area under the curve for early diagnosis of spinal tumors by each tumor marker; C: Correlation hotspot plots between tumor markers. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001. CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; AFP: Alpha fetoprotein; NSE: Neuron-specific enolase; Cyfra21-1: Cytokeratin 19 fragment antigen 21-1; CA199: Carbohydrate antigen 199; CA125: Carbohydrate antigen 125; CA72-4: Carbohydrate antigen 72-4; PGI: Pepsinogen I; PGII: Pepsinogen II; PGR: Pepsinogen I to pepsinogen II ratio.

2.3. 血清肿瘤标志物在脊柱肿瘤和脊柱感染早期鉴别诊断中的单因素和多因素Logistic分析

肿瘤标志物在脊柱肿瘤与脊柱感染早期鉴别诊断中的单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析结果见表2,单因素Logistic回归分析显示CEA、AFP、NSE、cyfra21-1、CA199、CA125、CA72-4、PGR的差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);将上述8个指标纳入多因素Logistic回归分析后,绘制出森林图(图2),发现AFP和cyfra21-1是脊柱肿瘤早期诊断的危险因素(均P<0.01),PGR为保护因素(P<0.05)。

表2.

肿瘤标志物在脊柱肿瘤与脊柱感染早期鉴别诊断中的单因素与多因素Logistic回归分析

Table 2 Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses of tumor markers in the early differential diagnosis of spinal tumors and spinal infection

变量 单因素分析 多因素分析
OR 95% CI P OR 95% CI P
性别 1.253 7 0.732 1~2.156 3 0.41
年龄 1.009 3 0.989 0~1.031 6 0.40
体温 1.021 3 0.399 1~2.533 4 0.96
CEA 1.480 2 1.135 4~2.050 4 <0.05 1.001 0.998~1.003 0.57
AFP 1.728 9 1.320 7~2.343 3 <0.01 1.021 1.008~1.034 <0.01
NSE 1.182 4 1.062 2~1.326 9 <0.01 1.025 1.000~1.051 0.05
Cyfra21-1 1.931 3 1.468 7~2.672 6 <0.01 1.019 1.005~1.034 <0.01
CA199 1.035 4 1.013 8~1.066 8 <0.01 1.000 1.000 0.78
CA125 1.014 5 1.002 5~1.029 0 <0.05 0.999 0.997~1.002 0.52
CA72-4 1.059 2 1.009 0~1.128 2 <0.05 1.006 0.994~1.018 0.33
PGI 0.999 1 0.991 5~1.006 4 0.82
PGII 1.019 2 0.968 6~1.077 4 0.46
PGR 0.923 3 0.865 4~0.979 0 <0.05 0.987 0.975~0.998 <0.05

OR:优势比;CEA:癌胚抗原;AFP:甲胎蛋白;NSE:神经元特异性烯醇化酶;Cyfra21-1:细胞角蛋白19片段抗原21-1;CA199:糖类抗原199;CA125:糖类抗原125;CA72-4:糖类抗原72-4;PGI:胃蛋白酶原I;PGII:胃蛋白酶原II;PGR:胃蛋白酶原I与胃蛋白酶原II的比值;95% CI:95%置信区间。

图2.

图2

单因素(A)和多因素(B)Logistic回归分析森林图

Figure 2 Forest plots of univariate (A) and multivariate (B) Logistic regression analyses

CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; AFP: Alpha fetoprotein; NSE: Neuron-specific enolase; Cyfra21-1: Cytokeratin 19 fragment antigen 21-1; CA199: Carbohydrate antigen 199; CA125: Carbohydrate antigen 125; CA72-4: Carbohydrate antigen 72-4; PGI: Pepsinogen I; PGII: Pepsinogen II; PGR: Pepsinogen I to pepsinogen II ratio. OR: Odds ratio; 95% CIL: Lower limit of 95% confidence interval; 95% CIU: Upper limit of 95% confidence interval.

2.4. 标准临界值下脊柱肿瘤与脊柱感染早期鉴别诊断模型的构建与诊断效能分析

当AFP、cyfra21-1和PGR取标准临界值时,AFP灵敏度为3.3%,准确度为60.2%;cyfra21-1灵敏度为20.9%,准确度为66.1%;PGR灵敏度为2.2%,准确度为59.3%(表3)。构建标准临界值下脊柱肿瘤与脊柱感染的早期鉴别诊断模型,绘制出列线图(图3A)和ROC曲线(图3B),其AUC为0.623;绘制校准曲线(图3C)。

表3.

标准临界值和最佳临界值下3种肿瘤标志物的诊断效能比较

Table 3 Comparisons of diagnostic efficacy of 3 tumor markers at standard and optimal thresholds

变量 标准临界值下 最佳临界值下
标准临界值 灵敏度 准确度 cut-off值 灵敏度 准确度
AFP 20.0 ng/mL 0.033(3/91) 0.602(133/221) 1.625 ng/mL 0.692(63/91) 0.647(143/221)
Cyfra21-1 3.3 ng/mL 0.209(19/91) 0.661(146/221) 1.175 ng/mL 0.681(62/91) 0.701(155/221)
PGR 3.000 0.022(2/91) 0.593(131/221) 11.050 0.626(57/91) 0.575(127/221)

AFP:甲胎蛋白;Cyfra21-1:细胞角蛋白19片段抗原21-1;PGR:胃蛋白酶原I与胃蛋白酶原II的比值。

图3.

图3

标准临界值下脊柱肿瘤与脊柱感染早期鉴别诊断模型的列线图及其评估结果

Figure 3 Nomogram of an early differential diagnostic model for spinal tumors and spinal infection at standard thresholds and its evaluation result

A: Nomogram of the early differential diagnosis model for spinal tumors and spinal infection under the standard thresholds [finding the corresponding score (top line segment) based on the value of each predictor variable (line segment after each variable), then adding up the values of the individual scores to get the total score, and calculate the predicted probability according to the total score (bottom line segment)]; B: ROC curve of early differential diagnosis model for spinal tumors and spinal infection under the standard thresholds; C: Calibration curve of the early differential diagnosis model for spinal tumors and spinal infection under the standard thresholds. AFP: Alpha fetoprotein; Cyfra21-1: Cytokeratin 19 fragment antigen 21-1; PGR: Pepsinogen I to pepsinogen II ratio; AUC: Area under the curve.

2.5. 最佳临界值下脊柱肿瘤与脊柱感染早期鉴别诊断模型的构建及诊断效能分析

图1显示AFP、cyfra21-1和PGR的AUC分别为0.696、0.719、0.596,根据约登指数得到各自的cut-off值,AFP取cut-off值为1.625 ng/mL时,灵敏度为69.2%,准确度为64.7%;cyfra21-1取cut-off值为1.175 ng/mL时,灵敏度为68.1%,准确度为70.1%;PGR取cut-off值为11.050时,灵敏度为62.6%,准确度为57.5%。构建最佳临界值下脊柱肿瘤与脊柱感染的早期鉴别诊断模型,绘制出列线图(图4A)和ROC曲线(图4B),其AUC为0.772,并绘制出校准曲线,观察到模型有较好的拟合优度(图4C)。

图4.

图4

最佳临界值下脊柱肿瘤与脊柱感染早期鉴别诊断模型的列线图及其评估结果

Figure 4 Nomogram of an early differential diagnosis model for spinal tumors and spinal infection at optimal thresholds and its evaluation result

A: Nomogram of an early differential diagnostic model for spinal tumors and spinal infection at optimal thresholds; B: ROC curve of the early differential diagnostic model for spinal tumors and spinal infection at optimal thresholds; C: Calibration curve of the early differential diagnostic model for spinal tumors and spinal infection at optimal threshold. AFP: Alpha fetoprotein; Cyfra21-1: Cytokeratin 19 fragment antigen 21-1; PGR: Pepsinogen I to pepsinogen II ratio; AUC: Area under the curve.

3. 讨 论

近年来,随着人们生活习惯的改变和人口老龄化的加剧,脊柱肿瘤的发病率逐年升高。脊柱肿瘤早期缺乏特征性临床表现[9],与脊柱感染难以鉴别,容易漏诊、误诊,影响治疗效果。肿瘤标志物已广泛应用于肿瘤的筛查、诊断、分期和检测复发等,但许多肿瘤标志物的诊断准确性并不高,且其在脊柱肿瘤与脊柱感染早期鉴别诊断中的价值鲜有研究报道。

本研究纳入中南大学湘雅医院疑似脊柱肿瘤或脊柱感染的骨质破坏患者,剔除不符合诊断标准及有缺失值的数据后,共纳入221例患者。根据临床最终病理结果,将221例患者分为脊柱肿瘤组(n=91)和脊柱感染组(n=130)。对10个肿瘤标志物的单因素分析显示2组患者的CEA、AFP、NSE、cyfra21-1、CA199、CA72-4、PGR水平有明显差异;基于各项肿瘤标志物的相关性分析热图显示,CEA与cyfra21-1、CA199、CA125存在很强的正相关性,PGII与PGI、PGR存在很强的负相关性;将所有肿瘤标志物进行单因素Logistic回归分析,发现CEA、AFP、NSE、cyfra21-1、CA199、CA125、CA72-4、PGR有明显差异;再将筛选出的8个肿瘤标志物进行多因素Logistic回归分析,发现AFP和cyfra21-1是脊柱肿瘤早期诊断的危险因素,PGR为保护因素。本研究结果表明:随着血清AFP和cyfra21-1水平升高,患者诊断为脊柱肿瘤的概率越大;随着PGR的升高,患者诊断为脊柱肿瘤的概率越小。

受肿瘤标志物之间的共线性影响,在单因素Logistic回归分析中筛选出的CEA、NSE、CA199、CA125、CA72-4在多因素Logistic回归分析中并无统计学意义。当AFP、cyfra21-1和PGR取标准临界值时(AFP<20 ng/mL、cyfra21-1<3.3 ng/mL和PGR>3),AFP灵敏度为3.3%,准确度为60.2%;cyfra21-1灵敏度为20.9%,准确度为66.1%;PGR灵敏度为2.2%,准确度为59.3%。基于AFP、cyfra21-1和PGR构建了脊柱肿瘤与脊柱感染鉴别诊断模型,其AUC仅为0.623。考虑到AFP、cyfra21-1和PGR分别为肝癌、肺癌、胃癌的特异性肿瘤标志物,三者的标准临界值并不适用于脊柱肿瘤的诊断,尽管三者在脊柱肿瘤组与脊柱感染组患者血清中的水平差异有统计学意义,但三者的阳性率不高。根据约登指数计算得到AFP、cyfra21-1和PGR的最佳临界值分别为 1.625 ng/mL、1.175 ng/mL和11.05。取最佳临界值时,AFP灵敏度为69.2%,准确度为64.7%;cyfra21-1灵敏度为68.1%,准确度为70.1%;PGR灵敏度为62.6%,准确度为57.5%;其鉴别诊断模型的AUC为0.772,灵敏度和AUC较选取标准临界值时大幅提高。

作为细胞角蛋白19的片段,cyfra21-1广泛存在于各种上皮细胞中,且无明显的器官组织特异性,但较AFP和PGR的诊断效能高。在上皮细胞发生癌变时,cyfra21-1的水平升高,并被释放入组织液中进入血液循环,从而导致血液或尿液中水平明显升高[10]。既往研究认为cyfra21-1主要用于肺癌和膀胱癌的诊断,Fu等[11]报道在卵巢癌、胰腺癌、胃癌、前列腺癌及肝癌患者中血清cyfra21-1水平也有升高。AFP作为一种致癌糖蛋白,在妊娠期间正常表达,并于1956年首次在人类胎儿中发现。AFP可由卵黄囊、胎儿肝脏和部分胃肠道细胞合成,而成人血清AFP水平的升高通常被认为是异常表现,常被用作卵黄囊肿瘤、性腺源性肿瘤、肝细胞癌和某些胃癌的生物标志物[12]。研究[13-14]表明PGR是胃癌早期诊断的灵敏指标,其数值变化可以反映胃黏膜的分泌状态和功能。常规实验室检查和影像学检查在脊柱肿瘤与脊柱感染早期鉴别诊断中的特异度不高[15],而血清肿瘤标志物具有其独特的优势,AFP、cyfra21-1和PGR在脊柱肿瘤早期鉴别诊断中具有应用价值。

本研究存在一些不足之处,例如在纳入时间范围内有一些失访病例及失访数据,因此存在潜在的选择偏倚,在后续的研究中将进一步开展多中心的前瞻性研究以验证结论。

综上所述,血清AFP、cyfra21-1水平的升高和PGR值的降低是早期鉴别诊断脊柱肿瘤的危险因素,但基于3项指标构建的脊柱肿瘤与脊柱感染早期鉴别诊断模型的灵敏度较低。采用新的cut-off值(AFP<1.625 ng/mL,cyfra21-1<1.175 ng/mL,PGR>11.05)后可以显著提高模型的诊断效能,有助于临床医师对脊柱肿瘤与脊柱感染进行鉴别。

基金资助

湖南省自然科学基金(2019JJ40525)。This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province, China (2019JJ40525).

利益冲突声明

作者声称无任何利益冲突。

作者贡献

唐博 数据分析,论文构思、撰写及修改;胡小江、徐东宬、张广 数据采集;张宏其 论文构思、指导及修改;郭超峰、刘少华、高琪乐、李艳冰、唐明星 论文指导。所有作者阅读并同意最终的文本。

Footnotes

http://dx.chinadoi.cn/10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2024.230603

原文网址

http://xbyxb.csu.edu.cn/xbwk/fileup/PDF/2024091421.pdf

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