Table 2.

Age Estimates of Haplogroups H, H1, H3, and V

Haplogroup andSource of Data	No. ofmtDNAs	ρ a	σ b	T ± ΔT(kya)c
H:
This study	54	3.574	.395	18.4 ± 2.0
H1:
This study	12	2.500	.464	12.8 ± 2.4
Totald	134	2.112	.219	10.8 ± 1.1
H3:
This study	10	2.000	.458	10.3 ± 2.4
Totald	50	2.140	.279	11.0 ± 1.4
V:
Totald	66	2.409	.490	12.4 ± 2.5

^aThe average number of base substitutions in the mtDNA coding region (between nps 577 and 16023) from the ancestral sequence type.

^bStandard error calculated from an estimate of the genealogy, in the manner of Saillard et al. (2000).

^cEstimate of the time to the most recent common ancestor of each cluster, using an evolutionary rate estimate of 1.26±0.08×10^-8 base substitutions per nucleotide per year in the coding region (Mishmar et al. 2003), corresponding to 5,140 years per substitution in the whole coding region.

^dThe sequences from this study plus the coding-region sequences from the studies by Ingman et al. (2000), Finnilä et al. (2001), Herrnstadt et al. (2002, 2003), Mishmar et al. (2003), and Coble et al. (2004).