Table 1.
Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics for the global cohort (training and test)
| Characteristic | All |
United States |
Australia |
Brazil |
South Korea |
South Africa |
Saudi Arabia |
Japan |
Italy |
India |
P value∗ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 925) | (n = 410) | (n = 68) | (n = 138) | (n = 123) | (n = 19) | (n = 13) | (n = 38) | (n = 41) | (n = 75) | ||
| Time period diagnosed, n (%) | <.001† | ||||||||||
| 2010-2013 | 214 (23) | 147 (36) | 17 (25) | 0 | 14 (11) | 8 (42) | 0 | 13 (34) | 5 (12) | 10 (13) | |
| 2014-2017 | 404 (44) | 156 (38) | 23 (34) | 72 (52) | 79 (64) | 7 (37) | 4 (31) | 15 (39) | 10 (24) | 38 (51) | |
| 2018-2021 | 307 (33) | 107 (26) | 28 (41) | 66 (48) | 30 (24) | 4 (21) | 9 (69) | 10 (26) | 26 (63) | 27 (36) | |
| Age at lymphoma diagnosis, median (IQR), y | 58 (47-66) | 60 (51-67) | 63 (53-71) | 51 (39-60) | 57 (48-65) | 45 (34-54) | 45 (31-57) | 69 (65-78) | 57 (50-63) | 53 (45-60) | <.001 |
| Biological sex, n (%) | .3† | ||||||||||
| Male | 578 (62) | 255 (62) | 44 (65) | 81 (59) | 70 (57) | 14 (74) | 10 (77) | 24 (63) | 24 (59) | 56 (75) | |
| Race, n (%) | <.001† | ||||||||||
| White | 453 (54) | 319 (80) | 24 (89) | 66 (59) | 0 | 3 (19) | 0 | 0 | 41 (100) | 0 | |
| Black | 53 (6) | 37 (9) | 1 (4) | 11 (10) | 1 (<1) | 3 (19) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Asian | 273 (32) | 25 (6) | 2 (7) | 2 (2) | 122 (99) | 0 | 9 (69) | 38 (100) | 0 | 75 (100) | |
| Other | 64 (8) | 18 (5) | 0 | 32 (29) | 0 | 10 (62) | 4 (31) | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Unknown | 82 | 11 | 41 | 27 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Lymphoma subtypes, n (%) | |||||||||||
| AITL | 213 (23) | 131 (32) | 13 (19) | 13 (9) | 20 (16) | 4 (21) | 0 | 12 (32) | 6 (15) | 14 (19) | <.001† |
| ALCL (ALK–) | 88 (10) | 28 (7) | 11 (16) | 21 (15) | 6 (5) | 3 (16) | 5 (38) | 7 (18) | 6 (15) | 1 (1) | <.001† |
| ALCL (ALK+) | 38 (4) | 18 (4) | 3 (4) | 7 (5) | 3 (2) | 2 (11) | 2 (15) | 1 (3) | 2 (5) | 0 | .1† |
| ATLL | 38 (4) | 10 (2) | 0 | 27 (20) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (3) | 0 | 0 | — |
| EATL | 21 (2) | 10 (2) | 0 | 1 (1) | 8 (7) | 0 | 0 | 2 (5) | 0 | 0 | — |
| ENKTCL | 88 (10) | 22 (5) | 3 (4) | 12 (9) | 40 (33) | 0 | 2 (15) | 0 | 1 (2) | 8 (11) | <.001† |
| HSTCL | 21 (2) | 5 (1) | 5 (7) | 5 (4) | 2 (2) | 1 (5) | 0 | 0 | 3 (7) | 0 | .01† |
| PTCL-NOS | 385 (42) | 160 (39) | 33 (49) | 51 (37) | 44 (36) | 9 (47) | 3 (23) | 15 (39) | 18 (44) | 52 (69) | <.001 |
| T-PLL | 19 (2) | 18 (4) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (2) | 0 | — |
| Other | 14 (2) | 8 (2) | 0 | 1 (1) | 0 | 0 | 1 (8) | 0 | 4 (10) | 0 | — |
| Ann Arbor stages at diagnosis, n (%) | |||||||||||
| I | 75 (8) | 35 (9) | 4 (7) | 13 (9) | 13 (11) | 3 (16) | 0 | 1 (3) | 3 (7) | 3 (4) | |
| II | 92 (10) | 31 (8) | 3 (5) | 16 (12) | 21 (17) | 3 (16) | 3 (27) | 2 (5) | 1 (2) | 12 (17) | .003† |
| III | 224 (25) | 112 (29) | 7 (12) | 24 (17) | 26 (21) | 1 (5) | 3 (27) | 11 (29) | 16 (39) | 24 (34) | |
| IV | 499 (56) | 212 (54) | 46 (77) | 85 (62) | 63 (51) | 12 (63) | 5 (45) | 24 (63) | 21 (51) | 31 (44) | |
| Not available | 35 | 20 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 5 | |
| IPI scores at diagnosis, n (%) | |||||||||||
| 0 | 17 (3) | 10 (4) | 1 (3) | 0 | 5 (4) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (2) | |
| 1 | 83 (14) | 33 (13) | 2 (5) | 14 (17) | 22 (18) | 0 | 2 (40) | 1 (4) | 3 (38) | 6 (14) | <.001† |
| 2 | 178 (30) | 93 (37) | 7 (18) | 30 (36) | 29 (24) | 3 (38) | 1 (20) | 3 (12) | 3 (38) | 9 (21) | |
| 3 | 204 (35) | 80 (32) | 20 (53) | 33 (39) | 44 (36) | 3 (38) | 1 (20) | 3 (12) | 2 (25) | 18 (43) | |
| 4 | 88 (15) | 32 (13) | 5 (13) | 7 (8) | 22 (18) | 2 (25) | 1 (20) | 12 (48) | 0 | 7 (17) | |
| 5 | 15 (3) | 4 (2) | 3 (8) | 0 | 1 (1) | 0 | 0 | 6 (24) | 0 | 1 (2) | |
| Not available | 340 | 158 | 30 | 54 | 0 | 11 | 8 | 13 | 33 | 33 | |
| PIT scores at diagnosis, n (%) | |||||||||||
| 0 | 79 (12) | 36 (14) | 2 (5) | 10 (11) | 16 (13) | 2 (15) | 0 | 3 (8) | 4 (29) | 6 (10) | |
| 1 | 226 (36) | 85 (33) | 8 (21) | 37 (42) | 51 (41) | 6 (46) | 4 (67) | 3 (8) | 6 (43) | 26 (44) | <.001† |
| 2 | 215 (34) | 84 (33) | 18 (47) | 35 (39) | 40 (33) | 4 (31) | 0 | 13 (34) | 4 (29) | 17 (29) | |
| 3 | 101 (16) | 43 (17) | 8 (21) | 7 (8) | 16 (13) | 1 (8) | 2 (33) | 15 (39) | 0 | 9 (15) | |
| 4 | 15 (2) | 8 (3) | 2 (5) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 (11) | 0 | 1 (2) | |
| Not available | 289 | 154 | 30 | 49 | 0 | 6 | 7 | 0 | 27 | 16 | |
| Extranodal involvement, n (%) | 608 (67) | 259 (65) | 55 (85) | 93 (67) | 82 (67) | 12 (63) | 8 (67) | 25 (66) | 23 (56) | 51 (70) | |
| Not available | 20 | 14 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | .1† |
| >1 site, n (%) | 312 (35) | 111 (28) | 28 (44) | 45 (33) | 69 (56) | 9 (47) | 6 (55) | 14 (37) | 5 (12) | 25 (35) | |
| Not available | 25 | 15 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 | <.001† |
| Bone marrow involvement, n (%) | 271 (33) | 123 (35) | 26 (42) | 43 (44) | 32 (26) | 7 (41) | 2 (17) | 8 (21) | 14 (36) | 16 (22) | .01† |
| Not available | 112 | 59 | 6 | 40 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | |
| ECOG, n (%) | |||||||||||
| 0 | 348 (41) | 138 (39) | 27 (47) | 52 (38) | 70 (57) | 8 (50) | 1 (11) | 2 (5) | 37 (90) | 13 (19) | <.001† |
| 1 | 370 (44) | 168 (47) | 24 (42) | 58 (42) | 44 (36) | 6 (38) | 5 (56) | 17 (45) | 4 (10) | 44 (64) | |
| 2 | 93 (11) | 40 (11) | 4 (7) | 19 (14) | 9 (7) | 2 (12) | 3 (33) | 9 (24) | 0 | 7 (10) | |
| 3 | 30 (4) | 8 (2) | 2 (4) | 7 (5) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 (24) | 0 | 4 (6) | |
| 4 | 5 (1) | 1 (<1) | 0 | 2 (1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 (3) | 0 | 1 (1) | |
| Not available | 79 | 55 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 6 | |
| LDH >ULN, n (%) | 513 (68) | 203 (63) | 33 (70) | 71 (59) | 93 (76) | 14 (78) | 9 (100) | 32 (84) | 7 (47) | 51 (84) | <.001† |
| Not available | 173 | 89 | 21 | 18 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 26 | 14 | |
| β2M >ULN, n (%) | 188 (62) | 46 (69) | 2 (11) | 39 (70) | 61 (56) | — | — | 30 (81) | 2 (40) | 8 (73) | <.001† |
| Not available | 622 | 343 | 50 | 82 | 14 | 19 | 13 | 1 | 36 | 64 | |
| CRP >ULN, n (%) | 216 (63) | 44 (79) | 6 (22) | 53 (84) | 51 (42) | 2 (67) | 6 (100) | 36 (95) | 2 (17) | 16 (94) | <.001† |
| Not available | 582 | 354 | 41 | 75 | 2 | 16 | 7 | 0 | 29 | 58 | |
| Absolute lymphocyte count <LLN, n (%) | 315 (42) | 117 (38) | 21 (43) | 36 (31) | 91 (74) | 10 (56) | 4 (33) | 15 (39) | 5 (36) | 16 (26) | <.001† |
| Not available | 182 | 99 | 19 | 21 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 27 | 14 | |
| Albumin <LLN, n (%) | 259 (38) | 123 (37) | 6 (75) | 25 (27) | 32 (26) | 3 (43) | 8 (67) | 35 (92) | 12 (100) | 15 (25) | <.001† |
| Not available | 238 | 75 | 60 | 47 | 0 | 12 | 1 | 0 | 29 | 14 | |
| IgG <LLN, n (%) | 32 (12) | 16 (14) | 0 | — | 10 (10) | 0 | 0 | 5 (13) | 1 (9) | 0 | .95 |
| Not available | 653 | 296 | 67 | 138 | 23 | 16 | 12 | 0 | 30 | 71 | |
| Ki67 ≥40%, n (%) | 297 (68) | 128 (59) | 4 (50) | 62 (87) | 31 (69) | 6 (86) | 5 (62) | 28 (80) | 21 (64) | 12 (71) | <.001† |
| Not available | 485 | 194 | 60 | 67 | 78 | 12 | 5 | 3 | 8 | 58 | |
| Time to follow-up since diagnosis, median (IQR), y | 1.92 (0.94-3.94) | 2.69 (1.35-5.02) | 1.11 (0.72-3.42) | 1.27 (0.82-2.20) | 1.80 (0.98-3.87) | 1.07 (0.62-4.19) | 1.25 (0.68-2.57) | 1.35 (0.60-2.51) | 2.67 (1.64-3.94) | 1.89 (0.67-3.11) | <.001 |
| Current status, n (%) | |||||||||||
| Alive | 303 (33) | 153 (37) | 21 (31) | 48 (35) | 43 (35) | 5 (26) | 7 (54) | 1 (3) | 13 (32) | 12 (16) | <.001† |
| Dead | 515 (56) | 238 (58) | 35 (51) | 82 (59) | 77 (63) | 13 (68) | 5 (38) | 34 (89) | 28 (68) | 3 (4) | |
| Lost to follow-up | 107 (12) | 19 (5) | 12 (18) | 8 (6) | 3 (2) | 1 (5) | 1 (8) | 3 (8) | 0 | 60 (80) |
PIT score is determined based on the presence of the 4 variables: age (≤60 vs >60 years), performance status (ECOG ≤1 vs >2), LDH level (low vs high), and BM involvement (negative vs positive). Depending on the number of adverse prognostic factors (0, 1, 2, or ≥3), patients were classified into LR, low-IR, high-IR, or HR groups, respectively. IPI score is determined based on the presence of 5 dichotomous variables (age, stage, LDH, ECOG performance status, and number of involved extranodal sites). Depending on the number of adverse prognostic factors (0-1, 2, 3, or >3), patients were classified into LR, low-IR, high-IR, or HR groups, respectively.
β2M, beta-2 microglobulin; CRP, C-reactive protein; EATL, enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma; ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; HSTCL, hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma; IQR, interquartile range; IgG, immunoglobulin G; Ki-67, proliferation index; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; LLN, lower limit of normal; PIT, prognostic index for T-cell lymphoma; T-PLL, T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia; ULN, upper limit of normal.
P values for the comparison between patients in different national cohorts were calculated using Kruskal-Wallis and χ2 tests for nonnormally distributed continuous variables and categorical variables, respectively.
P values based on Fisher exact test due to some small cell counts; χ2 test for the P value calculation of all other categorical variables.