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. 2025 Jan 30;18:1513458. doi: 10.3389/fnbot.2024.1513458

Table 2.

There are 21 kinds of dexterous hands based on linkage-driven mechanisms.

Structure scheme Natural motion DOF Series/parallel
1 (Kim et al., 2021) Two C-FBL, One R-FBL Yes 3 Parallel
2 (Inspire Robots Dexterous Hand, n.d.) Linkage transmission No 2 Series
3 (Controzzi et al., 2016) One C-FBL No 2 Series
4 (Yan et al., 2017) One FBL No 3 Series
5 (Sensor Hand Speed, n.d.) Linkage transmission No 1 Series
6 (Yang et al., 2009) One C-FBL, One R-FBL Yes 2 Parallel
7 (Dechev et al., 2001) Two C-FBL Yes 1 Series
8 (Kyberd et al., 2001) Two C-FBL Yes 2 Series
9 (Cheng et al., 2017) One coupled-adaptive multi-bar linkage, One C-FBL Yes 2 Parallel
10 (Laliberté and Gosselin, 2001) Two R-FBL No 2 Series
11 (Stavenuiter et al., 2017) Linkage transmission No 2 Series
12 (Fukaya et al., 2000) One multi-bar linkage, One C-FBL Yes 2 Parallel
13 (Yoon et al., 2016) Two five-bar linkages, One C-FBL Yes 3 Parallel
14 (Zainul and Yamaura, 2012) Two R-FBL equipped with a guiding slut Yes 3 Parallel
15 (Wu et al., 2009) Two C-FBL Yes 3 Parallel
16 (Zhang et al., 2013) One R-FBL, One C-FBL Yes 2 Parallel
17 (Li et al., 2017) One R-FBL, One C-FBL Yes 2 Parallel
18 (Mu and Huang, 2007) Parallelogram linkage Yes 3 Parallel
19 (Gopura et al., 2017) Two R-FBL Yes 1 Series
20 (Khakpour and Birglen, 2013) Six two-dimensional connecting rods No 3
21 (Lee, 2010) Two C-FBL Yes 2 Series