Table 2.

Effects of TMAH on the stability of Fe₃O₄-Water Nanofluid.

Property	Effect of TMAH
Stability	Significantly improved; prevents agglomeration and sedimentation
Zeta Potential	Increased, leading to better electrostatic repulsion
Viscosity	Slightly increased due to particle coating
Thermal Conductivity	Enhanced due to better dispersion of nanoparticles
Magnetic Properties	Retained with more uniform particle response to magnetic fields
Specific Heat Capacity	Minimal change, as TMAH is typically used in low concentrations