FIG. 7.
Effect of simultaneous application of TNF-α and VLPs or sGP on endothelial cells. (A) Endothelial cells were treated with TNF-α (1 ng/ml) and VLPs (1 particle/cell) or sGP (10 μg/ml). Simultaneous application of TNF-α and VLPVP40/GP led to further decreases in TER (approximately 15%), indicating their additive effect on the barrier function. (B) Simultaneous treatment with TNF-α and sGP led to a 15% to 20% recovery of the TNF-α-induced changes in barrier function. Changes in TER were significant (P < 0.05) from the time point marked by asterisks.