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. 2025 Feb 3;16:1494283. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1494283

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Copyright © 2025 Picchianti-Diamanti, Aiello, De Lorenzo, Migliori and Goletti

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic representation of the immune response targets of disease-modifying immunosuppressive anti-rheumatic drugs used for the management of IMID patients. Both innate and adaptive immunity (B and T cells) play a key role in controlling Mtb infection. Immunosuppressive therapies targeting host immune factors increase the risk for progression to TB. IMID, immune-mediated inflammatory disease; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; JAK, Janus kinase; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; PDE4, phosphodiesterase-4; TCR, T cell receptor; TGF, tumor growth factor. Created with BioRender.com.