Table 2.

Summary of the articles included in the systematic review which evaluate relationship between alcohol outlet density and patterns of alcohol consumption in adolescents.

Type of density calculation	First author and year of publication	Country	Place of exposure to alcohol	Geographic unit of analysis	Buffer	Type of outlet	Individual and community covariates included in the analyses	Patterns of consumption outcomes and direction of association
Count of alcohol outlets	Huckle T., et al. (2008)	New Zealand	Residence	Buffer	Yes (street network, 10 minutes by car)	On-premises and off-premises	Individual: frequency of social supply of alcohol (supply from parents, friends and others), own income, exposure to alcohol, own purchase, sex, age, ethnicity, number of adverts seen, and number of brands recalled. Community: NZDEP score (SES), and locality-based willingness to sell alcohol.	Alcohol outlet density is associated with typical occasional quantity of alcohol consumed, but not with frequency of drinking or with frequency of drunkenness.
	Young R., et al. (2012)	Scotland	Residence	Buffer	Yes (street network, 1200 meters)	On-premises and off-premises	Individual: SES based on parents occupation, gender, and family structure.	Weekly alcohol use was positively associated with density of off-premises outlets, except when the model was clustered by school of the student.
	Shih R.A., et al. (2015)	USA	Residence	Buffer	Yes (Euclidean, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 and 2 miles)	On-premises and off-premises	Individual: gender, age, race, and ethnicity. Community: SES.	Heavy alcohol use in the past 30 days is positively related to on-premises (0.1-, 0.25- and 0.5-mile radius), and club/bar (0.1- and 0.25-mile radius) densities. No association with off-premises.
	Fairman B.J., et al. (2019)	USA	Residence	Buffer	Yes (Euclidean, 1000 meters)	Off-premises	Individual: family affluence, gender, age, and race/ethnicity. Community: SES and median age of census tract.	The number of liquor stores within 1 km was not associated with any binge-drinking trajectory.
	Morrison C.N., et al. (2019a)	USA	Residence and Activity Space (GPS route lines)	Buffer and census block for sensitivity	Yes (Euclidean, 50, 100 and 200 meters)	On-premises and off-premises	Individual: % time at home, gender, age, and race/ethnicity. Community: neighborhood disorganization (which considers SES, among other variables).	No association between alcohol outlet density around or away from home using GPS data, and frequency and quantity of alcohol consumed, drunkenness or binge drinking in the past 30 days.
	Martins J.G., et al. (2019)	Brazil	School	Buffer	Yes (Euclidean, 1000 meters)	On-premises and off-premises	Individual: mother’s educational level, sex, age, alcohol consumption by father, alcohol consumption by mother, and alcohol consumption by siblings. Community: type of school.	The rates of binge drinking are lower in adolescents that go to school in areas with low alcohol outlet densities.
	Cardoza L.S., et al (2020)	Brazil	School	Buffer	Yes (Euclidean, 250 meters)	On-premises and off-premises	Individual: gender, age, work, physical activity, and smoking. Community: per capita income, demographic density, cigarette outlet density, school size (number of students), and distance from city ground zero (km).	There was no association between alcohol use (frequency + quantity per week) and a higher density of alcohol outlets (on-premises or off-premises).
	Fairman B.J., et al. (2020)	USA	Residence	Buffer	Yes (5 kilometers, buffer type calculation is not specified)	Off-premises	Individual: age, sex, race/ethnicity, family affluence, and family composition. Community: neighborhood disadvantage, neighborhood median age, the proportion of Black residents, and population density.	The number of liquor, beer and wine stores within 5 km were associated with binge drinking when adjusting by race. Living near two or more beer stores or wine stores increased the odds of binge drinking among Whites, while living near higher density of liquor stores increased this behavior among Blacks.
Population-based rate of alcohol outlets	Kuntsche E., et al. (2008)	Switzerland	Residence	Community	No	On-premises and off-premises	Individual: Perceived availability (beer, wine, spirits), drinking peers, drinking siblings, public drinking, parental monitoring perceived availability, sex, and age.	On-premises alcohol outlet density is positively related to number of drinks consumed in the past 12 months and to risky single occasion drinking in the past 30 days. No association with off-premises outlet density.
	Tobler A.L., et al. (2009)	USA	Residence	Community area	No	Off-premises	Individual: home alcohol access, parental monitoring, and alcohol specific communication at home. Community: SES, commercial accessibility of alcohol, exposure to alcohol advertisements, perceived neighborhood problems, neighborhood and police preventive action and neighborhood strength.	No association between alcohol use, and alcohol outlet density. Alcohol use was defined by 5 items assessing alcohol use in the past year, past month, past week, heavy episodic use and having ever been drunk.
	Stanley L.R., et al. (2011)	USA	Residence	Zip code	No	On-premises and off-premises	Individual: perceived alcohol availability, gender, grade, alcohol in the family environment, alcohol in peer’s environment, trouble if caught drinking at school, and chances of getting caught drinking by the police. Community: rurality, community perceived availability, and ethnic composition of the community.	Density of liquor outlets is significantly related to past month alcohol use among younger students (7th-9th graders), but not among older students (10th-12th graders). Beer/wine in grocery or other stores is not associated with past month alcohol use.
	Azar D., et al. (2016)	Australia	Residence	Zip code	No	On-premises and off-premises	Individual: age group, sex, indigenous heritage, and smoking in the past. Community: SES.	General and on-premises outlet density was associated with past month alcohol use and risky drinking among all adolescents. Positive association between off-premises outlet density and club density, with risky drinking in urban, but not regional areas.
	Rowland B., et al. (2016)	Australia	Residence	Local government area	No	On-premises and off-premises	Individual: SES, age, sex, Australian born, and alcohol use at Wave 1. Wave 1 risk factors: interaction antisocial peers, parental attitude favorable to drugs, parental attitude favorable to antisocial behavior, laws and norms favorable to drug use. Wave 2 mediators: proportion of friends that use drugs, and perceived availability of alcohol.	A 10% increase in overall density of alcohol outlets at Wave I (2002) of the study was associated with an approximately 17% increase in the odds of an adolescent drinking alcohol at Wave II (2003).
	Jackson N., et al. (2016)	New Zealand	Residence	Synthetic neighborhood (area units in NZ) and buffer around it	Yes (500 meters)	On-premises and off-premises	Individual: socioeconomic position, age, gender, and ethnicity. Community: area deprivation, belong to a neighborhood group, perceptions of safety, neighborhood disorder, collective efficacy, and neighborhood facilities.	Young adolescents (<16 years) residing in high outlet density and economic deprived neighborhoods are more likely to binge drink and consume high typical quantities of alcohol. This relationship was not found for adolescents that were 16 or older.
Area-based rate of number of alcohol outlets	Lo C.C., et al. (2013a)	USA	School	School catchment area (SCA)	No	On-premises and off-premises	Community: population disadvantage, community instability, protective role of school, protective role of community, percentage of African American residents, percentage of White residents, percentage of female-headed single-parent families, percentage of population living below poverty level, percentage of population 15–18 years old, percentage of families residing in one and the same domicile from 1995 to 2000, percentage of population 25 years and older having a college degree in 2000, and percentage of population 25 years and older having a high school diploma.	No association between alcohol outlet density and past 30 days alcohol use.
	Lo C.C., et al. (2013b)	USA	School	School catchment area (SCA)	No	On-premises and off-premises	Individual: grade, gender, religion, protective role of family, peer drug use, and protective role of self. Community: population disadvantage, community instability, protective role of school, and protective role of community.	No association between alcohol outlet density and binge drinking in the past 2 weeks.
	Larsen K., et al. (2017)	Canada	School	Buffer	Yes (Street network, 1600 meters)	On-premises and off-premises	Individual: age and sex. Community: SES and population density.	No association between alcohol outlet density and binge drinking in the past 4 weeks.
	Chen C.Y., et al. (2018)	Taiwan	Residence	District region	No	On-premises and off-premises	Individual: monthly spending, gender, pubertal development, living with parents, parental education, parental drinking, perceived peer drinking, childhood alcohol initiation, childhood alcohol purchasing, and leisure-activity participation. Community: recreational resource density.	Occasional drinking in the past 12 months was associated with density of Betel nut kiosks (unregulated off-premises), but not with on- or off-premises.
	Morrison C.N., et al. (2019b)	USA	Residence and Activity Space (GPS route lines)	Buffer and census block for sensitivity	Yes (Euclidean, 800 meters–around residence and activity locations- and 100 meters -path line-)	On-premises and off-premises	Individual: household income, alcohol, tobacco and other drug use, age, sex, race/ethnicity, and whether they reported ever consuming alcohol.	Some of the residence-based measures (e.g., census tract), none of the activity location–based approaches, and most of the activity path–based approaches (e.g., outlets per hour, 100 m buffer) were associated with alcohol consumption.
Roadway length-based rate of alcohol outlets	Chen M.J., et al. (2010)	USA	Residence	Zip code	No	Off-premises	Individual: age, sex, race, perceived parent drinking, mean perceived peer drinking, mean personal income, had a car, and friends had a car. Community: median household income.	Positive association with frequency of drinking and excessive drinking in the past 12 months.
	Paschall M.J., et al. (2012)	USA	Residence	City	No	On-premises and off-premises	Individual: age, gender, ethnicity, race, perceived alcohol availability, perceived enforcement, and perceived acceptability of alcohol use. Community: median household income, total population, population density, % receiving public assistance, % unemployed, and % ethnic minority.	Past-year alcohol use (frequency x quantity) and heavy drinking were positively associated with outlet density when perceived alcohol availability, perceived enforcement of underage drinking laws and perceived parental approval of alcohol use were excluded from the analysis. These three variables are positively correlated to consumption.
	Paschall M.J., et al. (2014)	USA	Residence	City	No	On-premises	Individual: gender, age, race, and ethnicity. Community: SES, population density, % < 18 years old, and % race/ethnicity.	Past-year alcohol use over time (frequency x quantity) was positively associated with bar density when perceived alcohol availability, perceived enforcement of underage drinking laws and perceived parental approval of alcohol use were excluded from the analysis. No association between heavy drinking over time and bar density.
Kernel Density Estimation	Martin G., et al. (2019)	Scotland	Residence	Buffer	Yes (Euclidean, 800 meters)	On-premises and off-premises	Individual: age, gender, ethnicity, family structure, perceived neighborhood disorder, perceived social cohesion, SES. Community: neighborhood SES, urban/rurality, neighborhood-level disorder, and neighborhood-level social cohesion.	No association between alcohol outlet density and weekly drinking or drunkenness (felt drunk two or more times ever).
Presence or absence of alcohol outlets within a container	Byrnes H.F., et al. (2016)	USA	Activity Spaces (GPS route lines)	Space through which the adolescent moves	Yes (100 meters, buffer type calculation is not specified)	On-premises and off-premises	NA	No association between alcohol outlet density exposure and alcohol consumption.
	Trapp G.K., et al. (2018)	Australia	Residence and school	Buffer	Yes (Street network, 800 meters)	Off-premises	Individual: gender and family income.	Positive association between liquor store proximity around home or school at 14 years and engaging in heavy drinking at 14 years, but not at 17. No association with having been drunk in the past 6 months.