Figure 4.

Radiodynamically generated ROS‐triggered ICD and immune response by Ov‐a/c‐CaWO₄ NPs in vitro. Immunofluorescence staining of a) HMGB1 release and b) CRT exposure in 4T1 cells treated with X‐ray irradiation, Ov‐a/c‐CaWO₄ NPs, or Ov‐a/c‐CaWO₄ NPs plus X‐ray irradiation. c) The levels of released ATP in cell culture medium from different groups. n = 3. d) Schematic illustration of co‐culture system established for evaluating the maturation of DCs after exposure to 4T1 cells pre‐treated with Ov‐a/c‐CaWO₄ NPs plus X‐ray irradiation (0.5 Gy). e) Flow cytometry and f) quantitative analysis of CD80⁺CD86⁺ DCs after exposure to 4T1 cells with different treatments (gated on CD11c⁺ cells). n = 3. The secretion of g) IL‐6, h) IL‐12p70, and i) TNF‐α in cell culture medium from various groups. n = 3. Data are presented as mean ± SD. ^** p <0.01, ^*** p <0.001.