. 2025 Feb 3;12:1492230. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2025.1492230

Table 2.

Effects of nanoparticles on in vitro gas, methane production quantities, and rumen fermentation variables of algae.

Item	Treatment
	Algae Control	Algae +50 Carbon	Algae +100 Carbon	Algae +50 MgO	Algae +100 MgO	Algae +50 MgS	Algae +100 MgS	SEM	p-value
pH	6.77	6.79	6.76	6.78	6.77	6.75	6.79	0.02	0.074
CH₄, %	18.18^bc	17.14^bc	19.12^bc	16.11^c	20.77^b	28.98^a	25.93^ab	1.23	<0.0001
CH₄, mL	5.87	5.27	6.09	5.11	5.92	6.30	5.71	0.57	0.152
Gas, mL	32.32^a	30.64^a	31.67^a	32.04^a	28.59^a	21.81^b	21.99^b	1.94	<0.0001
TDMA, mg	364.7	389.17	355.83	370.2	395.4	390.41	365.88	13.52	2.672
ME, mj/kg KM	5.91^ab	5.85^ab	5.79^ab	5.99^a	5.59^ab	5.53^b	5.52^b	0.14	<0.0001
MPSE, mg	83.10^c	84.88^ab	83.69^b	83.36^b	86.45^ab	89.29^a	88.75^a	1.04	<0.0001
NEL, mj/kg KM	3.19	3.21	3.10	3.26	2.96	3.09	2.97	0.11	0.065
OMD, %	30.26^a	29.81^a	30.01^a	30.23^a	28.91^a	26.82^b	26.94^b	0.66	<0.0001
PF, mg/mL	364.7	389.17	355.83	370.2	395.4	390.41	365.89	13.52	1.281
TDD, %	70.25^b	75.00^ab	69.86^b	71.23^b	78.89^a	75.98^ab	71.48^b	2.43	<0.0001

a–c, means within the column with unlike superscript differ significantly (p < 0.05). TDMA, true digested matter amount; ME, metabolizable energy; MPSE, Microbial protein synthesis efficiency; NEL, net energy lactation; OMD, organic matter digestion; PF, Partition factor; TDD, true digestion degree; SEM, standard error of means.