Figure 2.

Vortioxetine induces apoptosis in GBM cells

Cells were treated with increasing concentrations of vortioxetine for 48 hr and subsequently stained with Annexin V and PI. Positively stained cells were quantified using BD FACSCanto^TMII, with a representative flow plot (A). Cells were treated with vortioxetine or DMSO for 48 hr, and western blot analysis was performed to determine the expression levels of specific proteins (B). Cell viability assays were conducted in A172 and U251 cells co-cultured with indicated programmed cell death inhibitors under various doses of vortioxetine for 72 hr (C). Z-VAD-FMK (10 μM), an apoptosis inhibitor. Statistical significance was denoted as ns (non-significant), *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, and ****P<0.0001.

DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide; PI: Propidium iodide