Figure 3.

Histological H&E staining of spinal cord sections from all groups

Control group: In the light microscopic examination, the canalis centralis (c), anterior horn (A), and posterior horn (P) structures of the medulla spinalis and grey matter (), multipolar motor neurons in the anterior horn with their euchromatic nuclei and cell bodies (), and axons and myelin sheaths in the white matter () are seen in normal structure (A1-A6) at different magnifications (bar: 500 µm, bar: 200 µm, bar: 100 µm, bar: 50.0 µm, HE). SCI group: The light microscopic examination shows ischemia () in motor neurons in the anterior horn in the grey matter of the medulla spinalis (A) and damage () in ependymal cells at different magnifications. In addition, intense degenerative changes in myelin () and hemorrhagic areas () in the white matter () are remarkable (B1-B6), (bar: 500 µm, bar: 200 µm, bar: 100 µm, bar: 50.0 µm, HE). BA+SCI group: The light microscopic examination of the medulla spinalis reveals reduced damage. The grey matter with anterior horn (A) and posterior horn (P) structures (), white matter with axons and myelin sheaths (), and canaliculus centralis structure (C), and ependymal cells lining the canaliculus centralis are seen in a near-normal histological structure. In the grey matter, a few ischaemic cells (→) are observed in the anterior horn. However, in general examination, near-normal multipolar motor neurons () with euchromatic nuclei and cell bodies are observed (C1-C6), (bar: 200 µm, bar: 100 µm, bar: 50.0 µm, bar: 20.0 µm, HE). SCI+BA group: The light microscopic examination of the medulla spinalis revealed reduced damage, hemorrhagic areas in the white matter (), degeneration of myelin (), partial damage to ependymal cells (→), and a few ischaemic cells in the anterior horn (), but in general examination, near-normal multipolar motor neurons () with euchromatic nuclei and cell bodies were observed (D1-D6), (bar: 200 µm, bar: 100 µm, bar: 50.0 µm, bar: 20.0 µm, HE)