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. 2025 Jan 31;7(5):170–175. doi: 10.46234/ccdcw2025.027

Table 2. Adjusted odds ratios of substance use among participants with childhood trauma experience.

Childhood trauma experience Substance use
Smoker vs. non-smoker
Cigarette use
Smoker vs. non-smoker
E-cigarette use
Smoker vs. non-smoker
Alcohol use
Drinker vs. non-drinker
aOR (95% CI) P aOR (95% CI) P aOR (95% CI) P aOR (95% CI) P
Abbreviation: aOR=adjusted odds ratio; CI=confidence interval.
* Adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity group, place of residence, and per capita disposable income.
Ever experienced childhood trauma Emotional abuse
None 1 1 1 1
Mild 1.16 1.11–1.22 <0.001 1.09 1.01–1.17 0.019 1.23 1.12–1.36 <0.001 1.17 1.12–1.23 <0.001
Moderate 1.22 1.09–1.37 0.001 1.25 1.07–1.46 0.004 1.36 1.12–1.67 0.002 1.25 1.11–1.39 0.001
Severe 1.22 1.04–1.42 0.013 1.63 1.34–1.98 <0.001 1.73 1.36–2.21 <0.001 1.23 1.06–1.44 0.006
Physical abuse
None 1 1 1 1
Mild 1.10 1.02–1.20 0.018 1.08 0.97–1.20 0.170 1.17 1.01–1.35 0.038 1.11 1.03–1.21 0.010
Moderate 0.98 0.87–1.10 0.725 0.98 0.85–1.12 0.742 1.02 0.85–1.23 0.826 1.00 0.89–1.12 0.988
Severe 0.98 0.85–1.13 0.799 0.99 0.84–1.18 0.942 0.95 0.76–1.20 0.685 0.99 0.86–1.14 0.880
Sexual abuse
None 1 1 1 1
Mild 1.39 1.32–1.46 <0.001 1.25 1.17–1.33 <0.001 1.35 1.23–1.48 <0.001 1.39 1.32–1.46 <0.001
Moderate 1.50 1.39–1.62 <0.001 1.48 1.35–1.61 <0.001 1.57 1.38–1.77 <0.001 1.50 1.40–1.62 <0.001
Severe 1.54 1.32–1.80 <0.001 1.27 1.06–1.51 0.008 1.55 1.24–1.95 0.001 1.39 1.20–1.62 <0.001
Physical neglect
None 1 1 1 1
Mild 1.11 1.07–1.15 <0.001 1.18 1.12–1.25 <0.001 1.11 1.02–1.20 0.012 1.09 1.05–1.13 <0.001
Moderate 1.21 1.16–1.27 <0.001 1.26 1.18–1.35 <0.001 1.24 1.13–1.37 <0.001 1.21 1.15–1.26 <0.001
Severe 1.11 1.04–1.19 0.003 1.35 1.24–1.47 <0.001 1.26 1.11–1.43 0.001 1.03 0.97–1.10 0.320
Emotional neglect
None 1 1 1 1
Mild 1.10 1.06–1.14 <0.001 0.86 0.81–0.90 <0.001 0.90 0.83–0.97 0.009 1.10 1.06–1.14 <0.001
Moderate 1.08 1.01–1.14 0.020 0.92 0.85–1.00 0.061 0.98 0.87–1.11 0.718 1.07 1.01–1.14 0.020
Severe 0.96 0.90–1.02 0.173 1.07 0.98–1.16 0.141 1.23 1.09–1.39 0.001 0.91 0.86–0.97 0.004