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. 2025 Feb 17;15:5730. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-88883-8

Table 7.

The comparison results of 5 models in Amazon.

Model Training set Test set
RMSE R2 RPD RMSE R2 RPD
CNN 14.4468 0.99484 14.9258 136.2487 0.97407 10.0916
LSTM 7.4371 0.99863 27.0368 1249.0474 −1.1789 1.166
BiLSTM 7.6044 0.99857 26.7637 983.8625 −0.35191 1.3677
GRU 7.4646 0.99862 27.3561 1310.8926 −1.4 1.1248
Transformer 8.8969 0.99804 23.3262 88.2008 0.98914 10.427