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. 2025 Feb 17;15:5730. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-88883-8

Table 8.

The comparison results of 5 models in Google.

Model Training set Test set
RMSE R2 RPD RMSE R2 RPD
CNN 21.1861 0.98789 9.7586 91.7208 0.91652 6.2039
LSTM 19.6892 0.98954 9.7938 241.7605 0.42 1.9687
BiLSTM 20.755 0.98838 9.7837 229.149 0.47893 2.0146
GRU 21.5261 0.9875 9.2429 182.7175 0.6687 2.4149
Transformer 19.3469 0.9899 10.1062 34.1159 0.98845 9.3472