Table 3.
Factors associated with minimal hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients
| Univariate analysis | Multivariable analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Age, year | 1.08 (1.03–1.13) | 0.001 | 1.08 (1.02–1.13) | 0.005 |
| Female gender | 1.73 (0.85–3.54) | 0.132 | ||
| Education level | ||||
| Primary school | reference | |||
| High school | 0.36 (0.16–0.82) | 0.016 | ||
| University | 0.28 (0.11–0.72) | 0.009 | ||
| Anthropometric data | ||||
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 0.98 (0.91–1.06) | 0.666 | ||
| Waist circumference, cm | 0.99 (0.96–1.02) | 0.812 | ||
| Hip circumference, cm | 0.99 (0.97–1.03) | 0.994 | ||
| Body fat, kg | 0.99 (0.96–1.03) | 0.908 | ||
| Visceral fat level | 1.02 (0.95–1.10) | 0.518 | ||
| Muscle mass, kg | 0.92 (0.85–0.98) | 0.018 | ||
| Whole body phase angle | 0.42 (0.24–0.72) | 0.002 | ||
| Sarcopenia | 3.12 (1.49–6.56) | 0.003 | 3.29 (1.44–7.50) | 0.005 |
| Etiology of cirrhosis | ||||
| Hepatitis B virus | 0.68 (0.32–1.41) | 0.298 | ||
| Hepatitis C virus | 0.97 (0.46–2.04) | 0.935 | ||
| Alcohol | 0.84 (0.18–3.97) | 0.827 | ||
| Comorbidity | ||||
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus | 1.05 (0.50–2.20) | 0.905 | ||
| Hypertension | 0.58 (0.28–1.19) | 0.140 | ||
| Hypercholesterolemia | 0.72 (0.33–1.56) | 0.404 | ||
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 1.18 (0.24–5.79) | 0.840 | ||
| Thyroid disease | 2.85 (0.98–8.28) | 0.054 | ||
| Extrahepatic malignancy | 0.65 (0.14–2.99) | 0.579 | ||
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | 1.17 (0.58–2.38) | 0.663 | ||
| History of decompensation | ||||
| Ascites | 1.69 (0.66–4.33) | 0.275 | ||
| Overt hepatic encephalopathy | 5.00 (0.97–25.83) | 0.055 | 7.40 (1.20-45.56) | 0.031 |
| Variceal hemorrhage | 3.29 (1.58–6.85) | 0.001 | 3.13 (1.38–7.10) | 0.006 |
| Medication use | ||||
| Nonselective beta-blockers | 1.18 (0.51–2.72) | 0.695 | ||
| Diuretics | 0.77 (0.16–3.58) | 0.735 | ||
| Statins | 0.82 (0.38–1.77) | 0.609 | ||
| MELD score | 1.07 (0.92–1.24) | 0.376 | ||
| CTP score | 1.38 (0.85–2.24) | 0.194 | ||
| Liver stiffness ≥ 25 kPa | 2.18 (1.04–4.55) | 0.039 | ||
| Mini-mental state examination score | 0.77 (0.62–0.96) | 0.021 | ||
| PSQI score | 1.05 (0.96–1.16) | 0.296 | ||
| BARB score | ||||
| Low risk (< 0) | Reference | |||
| Intermediate risk (0–20) | 2.07 (0.91–4.68) | 0.082 | ||
| High risk (> 20) | 2.18 (0.54–8.85) | 0.274 | ||
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CTP, Child-Turcotte-Pugh; PSQI, HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; MELD, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease; OR, odds ratio; PSQI, Pittsburgh sleep quality index