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. 2025 Feb 4;16:1524324. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1524324

Table 4.

Subgroup analyses of symptom duration, anxiety, and depression.

Variable Mean DHI score (SD) Mean EQ-5D score (SD) Regression coefficient (95% CI) p-value
Symptom duration (< 1 year) 30.42 (7.54) 0.81 (0.12) −0.35 (−0.50, −0.20) 0.001
Symptom duration (>1 year) 45.62 (9.31) 0.61 (0.10) −0.45 (−0.60, −0.30) 0.001
HADS anxiety (low: 0–7) 28.45 (6.75) 0.85 (0.11) −0.20 (−0.35, −0.10) 0.045
HADS anxiety (moderate: 8–10) 38.52 (8.13) 0.72 (0.14) −0.32 (−0.45, −0.20) 0.032
HADS anxiety (high: 11–21) 48.23 (10.34) 0.62 (0.15) −0.52 (−0.65, −0.40) 0.001
HADS depression (Low: 0–7) 29.34 (6.85) 0.84 (0.10) −0.25 (−0.40, −0.15) 0.039
HADS depression (moderate: 8–10) 40.12 (7.89) 0.71 (0.13) −0.38 (−0.50, −0.25) 0.028
HADS depression (High: 11–21) 49.78 (9.45) 0.60 (0.14) −0.55 (−0.70, −0.40) 0.001

DHI, Dizziness handicap inventory; EQ-5D, EuroQol-5 dimension; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and depression scale; SD, Standard deviation; CI, Confidence Interval.