Table 3.

Overview of co-cultivation approaches including C. acetobutylicum

Strains	Substrate	Cultivation methods	C. acetobutylicum monoculture, product, g$·$L−1	co-culture, product, g$·$L−1	Intention	Reference
C. acetobutylicum, S. cerevisiae	Rice straw hydrolysate	pH > 4.8, 37 °C, 120 rpm, inoculation with 5% v/v each strain, addition of S. cerevisiae after 5 h	Butanol: 6.5 ABE: 9.5	Butanol: 7.0 ABE: 13.1	Improve xylose uptake by amino acid secretion from yeast	Capilla et al. (2022)
C. acetobutylicum, S. cerevisiae	Corn flour hydrolysate	pH 5, 37 °C, inoculation with C. acetobutylicum 10% v/v, addition of S. cerevisiae after 24 h with 0.2 g-DCW/L	Butanol: 12.87 ABE: 21.79	Butanol: 13.95 ABE: 24.23	Enhance butanol synthesis by amino acid secretion from yeast, enhance substrate uptake by competition with yeast	Luo et al. (2015)
C. acetobutylicum, S. cerevisiae	Cassava	37 °C, inoculation with 5% v/v each strain	Butanol: 11.8 ABE: 19.0	Butanol: 11.4 ABE: 21.7	Enhance solvent production by co-culturing amylolytic clostridia strain with non-amylolytic yeast	Qi et al. (2018)
C. acetobutylicum, C. pasteurianum	Glucose	37 °C, 150 rpm, inoculum 10% v/v, ratio C. acetobutylicum: C. pasteurianum 0.30	Butanol: 9.9 solvent: 18	Butanol: 12.1 ABE: 23.1	Enhance substrate utilization	Kumar et al. (2024)
C. acetobutylicum, C. pasteurianum	Glucose	37 °C, 108 rpm, Inoculum 10% v/v, ratio C. acetobutylicum: C. pasteurianum 7:3	Butanol: 8.2 solvent: 12.5	Butanol: 13.2 ABE: 23 L	Enhance solvent production	Zhang et al. (2021)
C. acetobutylicum, Enterobacter aerogenes	Municipal solid waste hydrolysate	37 °C, 150 rpm, inoculation with 6% v/v each strain	Butanol: 7.7 Solvents: 11.7	Butanol: 8.4 solvents: 17.1	Enhance solvent and hydrogen production	Ebrahimian et al. (2022)
C. acetobutylicum, Enterobacter hormaechei subsp. xiangfangensis	Glucose and alginate (1:1)	37 °C, Inoculum 2% v/v of seed co-culture	Butanol: 5.6 Solvents: 14.75	Butanol: 9.0 Solvents: 20.32	Use alginate as substrate	Dharshini et al. (2022)
C. acetobutylicum, Nesterenkonia sp.	Untreated potato starch	35 °C, inoculation with 1.2 mg CDW/L Nesterenkonia and 15 mg CDW/L C. acetobutylicum, inoculation C. acetobutylicum after 1.5 h	Butanol: 5.4 ABE: 7.2	Butanol: 7.0 ABE: 9.3	Utilize starch as substrate by co-culturing amylase-producing bacterium	Ebrahimi et al. (2020)
C. acetobutylicum, Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum	Xylan	Start with inoculation of T. thermosaccharolyticum, 55 °C for 50 h, inoculation with C. acetobutylicum at 50 h, temperature adaption to 37 °C, strain ratio: 1:1	N/A	Butanol: 13.3 ABE: 21.9	Degradation of hemicellulose by co-culturing with cellulolytic bacteria	Jiang et al. (2020)
C. acetobutylicum, Neocallimastix californiae	Reed canary grass	39 °C, Start with inoculation of N. californiae, inoculation with C. acetobutylicum after 22 days	N/A	Butanol: 0.7	Degradation of lignocellulose by co-culturing with cellulolytic fungi	(Brown et al. 2023)
C. acetobutylicum, C. tyrobutyricum	glucose	pH 5, 37 °C, 180 rpm, Inoculation ratio (OD600) C. acetobutylicum: C. tyrobutyricum 3:2, 4% v/v, Addition of E. coli strain with surface displayed lipase, ester extraction with dodecane	N/A	Butyl-butyrate: 6.7	Facilitate ester production	Lu et al. (2023)
C. acetobutylicum, A. succinogenes	glucose	37 °C, pH 5.5, start with inoculation of C. acetobutylicum, inoculation with A. succinogenes after 96 h, inoculation ratio 1:5, addition of lipase, ester extraction with dodecane	N/A	Butyl-acetate: 2.2	Facilitate ester production	Lv et al. (2021)

N/A not available