Table 2.
High diabetes distress point prevalence (%) across sociodemographic, lifestyle- and clinical factors among HUNT4 participants
| N (PAID responders) | Point prevalence high diabetes distress (Rescaled PAID-5 sum score ≥ 40) 95% CI) | Model 1* Odds ratio (95% CI) |
Model 2≠ Odds ratio (95% CI) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall | 1954 | 11.9 (10.6, 13.4) | ||
| Socio-demographics | ||||
| Sex | ||||
| Men | 1117 | 11.2 (9.5, 13.2) | Ref. | |
| Women | 837 | 12.9 (10.8, 15.4) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.5) | |
| Age at participation | ||||
| 20–49 yrs. | 140 | 18.6 (13.0, 25.9) | Ref. | |
| 50–64 yrs. | 1354 | 15.4 (12.7, 18.6) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.3) | |
| ≥65 yrs. | 460 | 9.6 (8.1, 11.3) | 0.5 (0.3, 0.8) | |
| Age at diabetes diagnosis | ||||
| 20–49 yrs. | 572 | 17.5 (14.6, 20.9) | Ref. | |
| 50–64 yrs. | 912 | 9.9 (8.1, 12.0) | 0.5 (0.4, 0.7) | |
| ≥65 yrs. | 352 | 8.4 (5.9, 11.9) | 0.4 (0.3, 0.7) | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Not living alone | 1239 | 11.1 (9.5, 13.0) | Ref. | |
| Living alone | 713 | 13.3 (11.0, 16.0) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | |
| Educational level | ||||
| No college/university | 1418 | 11.0 (9.5, 12.7) | Ref. | |
| College/university | 525 | 14.1 (11.4, 17.3) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.7) | |
| Lifestyle factors | ||||
| BMI | ||||
| ≤25 | 407 | 9.3 (6.9, 12.6) | Ref. | Ref. |
| 26–30 | 811 | 11.2 (10.7, 17.2) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.8) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.6) |
| >30 | 719 | 13.6 (10.7, 17.2) | 1.4 (0.9, 2.0) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.9) |
| Smoking | ||||
| Not current smoker | 1785 | 11.8 (10.3-13-3) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Current smoker | 152 | 18.8 (9.2, 20.3) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.8) | 1.1 (0.7, 1.8) |
| Exercise | ||||
| ≤ 1 h a week | 389 | 10.0 (7.4, 13.4) | Ref. | Ref. |
| >1 h a week | 1521 | 12.4 (10.8, 14.1) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.8) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.9) |
| Clinical factors | ||||
| Duration of diabetes | ||||
| <1 year | 63 | 20.6 (12.4, 32.4) | Ref. | Ref. |
| ≥ 1 year | 1711 | 11.7 (10.2, 13.3) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.3) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.1) |
| Hypertension (systolic blood pressure > 140) | ||||
| No | 1219 | 13.1 (11.3, 15.1) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 735 | 9.9 (8.0-12.3) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) |
| Glycemic control | ||||
| HbA1c | ||||
| On target (≤ 53 mmol/mol (≤ 7.0%)) | 1303 | 10.4 (8.8, 12.1) | Ref. | Ref. |
| not on target (> 53 mmol/mol (> 7.0%)) | 621 | 15.3 (12.7, 18.4) | 1.6 (1.2, 2.2) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.8) |
| Using insulin now | 30 | |||
| Yes | 421 | 21.9 (18.2, 26.1) | 3.2 (2.3, 4.3) | 2.9 (2.1, 4.1) |
| No | 1438 | 9.1 (7.7, 10.7) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Microvascular complications | ||||
| Diabetes eye- problems | ||||
| No | 1444 | 10.8 (9.3, 12.5) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 150 | 17.3 (12.1, 24.2) | 1.9 (1.2, 3.8) | 1.3 (0.8, 2.2) |
| Diabetes foot ulcers | ||||
| No | 1831 | 11.3 (9.9, 12.8) | Ref. | Ref. |
| Yes | 97 | 23.7 (16.3, 33.2) | 2.5 (1.5, 4.2) | 2.6 (1.5, 4.4) |
CI indicates confidence interval
PAID-5 sum scores were rescaled to a range between 0-100 by multiplying the sum score by five
* Adjustment variables in model 1: age and sex
≠ adjustment variables in model 2. Separate models for each variable of interest with adjustment for relevant confounders. Model for smoking/duration of diabetes adjusted for age, sex, and education; Model for education adjusted for age and sex; Model for BMI adjusted for age, sex, education, exercise, HbA1c, duration of diabetes, and current use of insulin; Model for HbA1c adjusted for age, sex, education, duration of diabetes and use of insulin; Model for hypertension/use of insulin adjusted for age, sex, education, HbA1c, and duration of diabetes; Model for history of diabetes foot ulcer/diabetes eye problems adjusted for age, sex, education, HbA1c, duration of diabetes, and current use of insulin