Table 2.
Summary of variable with measurement items.
| Variable | Items | Sources |
|---|---|---|
| Task characteristics (TaC) | I need to use technological products to bring convenience to my life. | Zhou et al. (2010) |
| I need to use technological products to improve my efficiency. | ||
| I need to use technological products to enhance the quality of my life. | ||
| I need to use technological products so that I can handle things in life more quickly. | ||
| Technology characteristics (TeC) | Technological products can provide real-time service. | Zhou et al. (2010) and Wang et al. (2020) |
| Technological products can provide reliable service. | ||
| I feel that using technological products in daily life is easy | ||
| I believe that learning to use technological products is relatively easy for me | ||
| Social Influence (SI) | In my social circle, people who are important to me think that I should use technological products. | Samar et al. (2017) |
| In my social circle, technological products are considered important for daily life. | ||
| In my social circle, people whose opinions I value prefer that I use technological products. | ||
| Facilitating Condition (FC) | There is always a specific person available to help me with learning to use technological products. | Abd Ghani et al. (2017) and Venkatesh et al. (2003) |
| For learning to use technological products, I have the necessary technical resources. | ||
| For learning to use technological products, I possess the knowledge needed during the learning process. | ||
| Perceived usefulness (PU) | Using technological products can bring many benefits to my life. | Nissinen et al. (2024) and Rahi et al. (2019) |
| Using technological products allows me to manage my time better. | ||
| Using technological products can help me connect with others more quickly. | ||
| Using technological products enables me to quickly access the necessary information in my life. | ||
| Using technological products can make my life easier. | ||
| Perceived ease of use (PEU) | For me, using technological products is easy. | Rahi et al. (2019) and Wu and Chen (2017) |
| I can use technological products flexibly according to my needs. | ||
| The methods for using technological products are clear. | ||
| I can easily find guides on how to use technological products. | ||
| Using technological products is not difficult for me. | ||
| Perceived technological anxiety (PTA) | When people around me use technological products, I feel I must learn to avoid falling behind. | Santor et al. (2000) |
| When everyone uses technological products, I find it hard to resist, even if it makes me uncomfortable. | ||
| If everyone around me uses technological products, I feel stressed and uneasy. | ||
| Willingness to use (WU) | I am very satisfied with handling things using technological products. | Ng et al. (2024) |
| I am willing to use technological products to handle matters in my daily life. | ||
| I find that the various functions within technological products are well integrated, making them convenient to use. | ||
| When I have tasks to handle, I prefer using technological products over traditional methods. | ||
| Usage behavior (UB) | I use technological products to communicate with friends and family. | Choudhury et al. (2022) |
| I use technological products to search for information I need. | ||
| I use technological products to manage my health issues. | ||
| I use technological products to solve problems in my daily life. | ||
| I use technological products to learn and develop myself. | ||
| Digital skill-receptive skill (RS) | I am able to select useful information on the Internet | Van Deursen et al. (2014) and Yang and Jang (2024) |
| I can assess how reliable the information I find on the Internet | ||
| I carefully consider the information I find online | ||
| I am confident in selecting search results | ||
| I can correctly understand the information on the Internet | ||
| Digital skill-participatory skill (PS) | I am able to upload photos and videos on the Internet | Koc and Barut (2016) and Yang and Jang (2024) |
| I am able to participate in online discussions on social agendas | ||
| I am good at sharing digital media contents and messages on the Internet | ||
| I can make contribution or comments to media contents shared by others | ||
| I can make new friends on the Internet |