Table 2.
Half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) ± standard error (SE) of commercial anthelmintics monepantel (MOP), levamisole (LEV), albendazole sulfoxide (ABZ SO), and ivermectin (IVM) alone or in combination with the inhibitors piperonyl butoxide (PBO), 5-nitrouracil (5-NU), and zosuquidar (ZOS) at 24 h and 72 h post-incubation
| Control | n | + PBO 15.6 µM | n | + 5NU 5 mM | n | + ZOS 3.13 µM | n | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IC50 ± SE (µM) (24 h) | ||||||||
| MOP | 0.242 ± 0.077a | 8 | 0.229 ± 0.023 | 3 | 0.109 ± 0.065a | 4 | 0.231 ± 0.028 | 3 |
| LEV | 5.239 ± 1.023b | 9 | 4.418 ± 0.654 | 3 | 8.333 ± 2.677 | 4 | 3.728 ± 0.489b | 3 |
| IVM | 0.200 ± 0.040c | 7 | 0.105 ± 0.024c | 3 | 0.121 ± 0.047 | 3 | 0.102 ± 0.052 | 3 |
| ABZ SO | 1.509 ± 0.836 | 7 | 1.097 ± 1.115x | 3 | 20.846 ± 88,183.756x | 3 | 1.478 ± 0.727 | 3 |
| IC50 ± SE (µM) (72 h) | ||||||||
| MOP | 0.091 ± 0.019d,e,f | 8 | 0.122 ± 0.010d | 3 | 0.049 ± 0.012 e | 4 | 0.126 ± 0.015 f | 3 |
| LEV | 8.745 ± 2.920g,h | 9 | 7.998 ± 1.079 | 3 | 13.141 ± 1.452g | 4 | 6.144 ± 0.711h | 3 |
| IVM | 0.369 ± 0.052 i | 7 | 0.307 ± 0.059 | 3 | 0.369 ± 0.059 | 3 | 0.257 ± 0.036 i | 3 |
| ABZ SO | 4.652 ± 1.037 | 7 | 3.606 ± 1.205 | 3 | 3.061 ± 1.373 | 3 | 4.653 ± 2.009 | 3 |
n, number of assays averaged to determine the IC50
Cells with the same letter represent a significant difference between the IC50 values for the anthelmintic coincubated with the inhibitor compared to the anthelmintic alone (unpaired t-test with Welch’s correction, P < 0.05)
X represents an error in the curve adjustment (greater error than IC50 value)
The positive control, albendazole 20 µM, is included in each assay. The percentage motility and SEM, using the DMSO control as the 100% reference point, are 75 ± 25 for 24 h and 23 ± 12 for 72 h