Table 3.
Upper asymptote (A2) ± standard error (SE) of commercial anthelmintics monepantel (MOP), levamisole (LEV), albendazole sulfoxide (ABZ SO), and ivermectin (IVM) alone or in combination with the inhibitors piperonyl butoxide (PBO), 5-nitrouracil (5-NU), and zosuquidar (ZOS) at 24 h and 72 h post-incubation
| Control | n | + PBO 15.6 µM | n | + 5NU 5 mM | n | + ZOS 3.13 µM | n | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A2 ± SE (µM) (24 h) | ||||||||
| MOP | 132.252 ± 9.496a,b | 8 | 113.690 ± 4.675a | 3 | 148.212 ± 58.086 | 4 | 116.600 ± 5.107b | 3 |
| LEV | 112.867 ± 14.202c | 9 | 103.937 ± 8.328 | 3 | 81.764 ± 15.267c | 4 | 113.429 ± 9.301 | 3 |
| IVM | 87.363 ± 10.195 | 7 | 96.022 ± 16.601 | 3 | 75.214 ± 19.015 | 3 | 50.919 ± 23.066 | 3 |
| ABZ SO | 117.558 ± 6.165d | 7 | 119.798 ± 9.794 | 3 | 138.904 ± 13.797 | 3 | 103.398 ± 5.402d | 3 |
| A2 ± SE (µM) (72 h) | ||||||||
| MOP | 115.838 ± 12.855 | 8 | 108.232 ± 5.035 | 3 | 110.209 ± 17.786 | 4 | 113.154 ± 7.920 | 3 |
| LEV | 110.928 ± 25.277 | 9 | 108.140 ± 8.710 | 3 | 93.867 ± 5.552 | 4 | 109.229 ± 6.481 | 3 |
| IVM | 99.701 ± 6.882e,f,g | 7 | 78.874 ± 6.761e | 3 | 81.240 ± 6.520f | 3 | 56.530 ± 4.175g | 3 |
| ABZ SO | 109.440 ± 6.185 | 7 | 125.058 ± 10.773 | 3 | 104.291 ± 7.733 | 3 | 111.075 ± 7.261 | 3 |
n, number of assays averaged to determine the fitting curve
Cells with the same letter represent a significant difference between the A2 values for the anthelmintic coincubated with the inhibitor compared to the anthelmintic alone (unpaired t-test with Welch’s correction, P < 0.05)
The positive control, albendazole 20 µM, is included in each assay. The percentage motility and SEM, using the DMSO control as the 100% reference point, are 75 ± 25 for 24 h and 23 ± 12 for 72 h