Table 3.

Flavonoids evaluated in different experimental models for potential use in psoriasis

Substance	Experimental model	Outcomes	References
In vitro
Cyanidin	Primary human keratinocytes	The activity of all five LCE3 genes shows a significant increase	Austin et al. (2014)
Luteolin	TNF-triggered human keratinocytes	There is a marked reduction in the generation of proteins such as IL-6, IL-8, and VEGF	Weng et al. (2014)
Delphinidin	Normal human epidermal keratinocytes	Improvements in the cornification process led to elevated protein levels of specific markers associated with this process, notably caspase-14 and keratin	Chamcheu et al. (2013)
	Complete three-dimensional reconstructed human dermis	The induction of differentiation markers, including caspase-14, filaggrin, loricrin, and involucrin, occurs at both the mRNA and protein levels	Chamcheu et al. (2015)
Baicalein	HaCaT keratinocytes	Levels of keratin 1 and keratin 10 (K1/K10) rise, accompanied by increased phosphorylation of key proteins like ERK, AKT, and p38 MAPK	Huang et al. (2016)
Genistein	HaCaT cells	The activation of reactive oxygen species is inhibited, resulting in decreased RNA and IL-8, IL-20, and CCL2	Smolińska et al. (2018)
Topical administration
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate	IMQ-induced BALB/c mice	The use of topical treatments results in a decrease in epidermal PCNA levels while simultaneously enhancing the expression of caspase-14	Zhang et al. (2016)
Naringenin	IMQ-induced BALB/c/IMQ-stimulated keratinocytes	The overproduction of IL-6 is brought back to normal baseline levels	Alalaiwe et al. (2020)
Glabridin	IMQ-induced BALB/c mice/HaCaT cells	Several cytokines, such as IL-1β, CCL2, IL-23, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-22, and IL-17A, exhibit suppressed expression	Li et al. (2018)
Proanthocyanidin	IMQ-induced BALB/c mice	There is a notable decline in the infiltration of inflammatory cells, coupled with the downregulation of psoriasis-related genes including IL17a, IL22, S100a9, and Krt1, alongside the inhibition of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase activity	Toda et al. (2020)
Delphinidin	Flaky skin mice (fsn/fsn)	Pathological indicators within psoriasiform lesions are diminished, leading to a decrease in both inflammatory cell presence and the expression of inflammatory cytokines at both mRNA and protein levels	Pal et al. (2015)
Rhododendrin	IMQ-induced C57BL/6 mice	The infiltration of inflammatory mononuclear cells is reduced, along with a decrease in pro-inflammatory mediator expression, while the activation of the TLR-7/NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways is inhibited	Jeon et al. (2017)
Oral administration
Quercetin	IMQ-induced BALB/c mice	Oral administration results in the downregulation of NF-κB, IKKα, NIK, and RelB, while promoting the expression of TRAF3	Chen et al. (2017a)
Amentoflavone	IMQ-induced BALB/c mice/M5 -treated HaCaT cells	The increased levels of cyclin D1, cyclin E, IL-17A, and IL-22 are suppressed, along with a decrease in NF-κB expression	An et al. (2016)
Hesperidin	IMQ-induced BALB/c mice/LPS-stimulated HaCaT cells	Serum levels of leptin, adiponectin, and resistin are regulated, while the activation of IRS-1/ERK1/2 is inhibited	Li et al. (2019)
Taxifolin	IMQ-induced BALB/c mice/LPS-induced HaCaT cells	Inhibition occurs in the Notch1 and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways	Yuan et al. (2020)
Hispidulin	IMQ-induced C57BL/6J mice/Activated keratinocytes	Pathologically elevated immunoglobulin G2a, myeloperoxidase, and TNF-α levels are significantly reduced, alongside diminished Th1 and Th17 cell populations	Kim et al. (2020)
Quercitrin	IMQ-induced C57BL/6 mice	Cytokine expression associated with psoriasis, particularly those involved in the IL-23/Th17 axis, is lowered, leading to a decrease in Th17 cell activity mediated by the JAK/STAT signaling pathway	Chen et al. (2017c)
Astilbin	IMQ-induced BALB/c mice	The heightened levels of circulating CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, as well as inflammatory cytokines are notably improved	Di et al. (2016)