Table 4.

Pharmacology of individual bioactive compounds in inflammation

Bioactive compound	Mechanism of action	Therapeutic effects	References
Amentoflavone	Inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokines and keratinocyte proliferation	Reduces skin thickness and inflammation	An et al. (2016)
Baicalin	Reduces inflammation and cytokine production	Alleviates psoriasis symptoms, reduces erythema and scaling	Hung et al. (2018)
Caffeic acid	Modulates inflammation and cytokine production	Reduces inflammatory response	Wen et al. (2020)
Chlorogenic acid	Modulates inflammation and cytokine production	Reduces inflammatory response	Wen et al. (2020)
Curcumin	Modulates cytokine production and inflammatory pathways	Improves PASI scores, reduces psoriatic symptoms	Zhang et al. (2022)
Delphinidin	Enhances caspase expression, promotes epidermal differentiation	Reduces psoriasis markers, inflammation, and promotes skin differentiation	Afaq et al. (2007) and Pal et al. (2015)
Epigallocatechin gallate	Exhibits anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties	Reduces dermatitis severity and enhances antioxidant activity	Zhang et al. (2016)
Ferulic acid	Modulates inflammation and cytokine production	Reduces inflammatory response	Wen et al. (2020)
Genistein	Inhibits NF-κB and STAT3 signaling pathways	Reduces epidermal thickness and inflammatory factors	Wang et al. (2019)
Kaempferol	Reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines and increases regulatory T cells	Reduces skin lesions in psoriasis	Liu et al. (2019)
Quercetin	Reduces oxidative stress and modulates NF-κB pathway	Ameliorates psoriatic symptoms, improves histology	Chen et al. (2017a)
Resveratrol	Modulates inflammation and cytokine production	Reduces inflammatory response	Wen et al. (2020)
Taxifolin	Modulates Th cell differentiation and inhibits pro-inflammatory factors	Decreases inflammation in psoriasis model	Yuan et al. (2020)
Artesunate	Reduces γδ T cells and systemic inflammation	Decreases psoriasis scores, epidermal thickening, and Ki-67 expression	Huang et al. (2019)
Berberine	Inhibits CDK4/6-RB-CDC6 signaling axis and JAK-STAT3 activation	Reduces keratinocyte proliferation and IMQ-induced psoriasis lesions	Sun et al. (2019)
Khasianine	Inhibits NF-κB p65 activation and decreases IL-17A and IL-33 expression	Reduces inflammation and immune cell infiltration in psoriasis lesions	Yang et al. (2022)
Omega-3 fatty acids	Modulates inflammation and immune responses	Improves PASI and NAPSI scores, alleviates symptoms like scaling and pruritus	Balbás et al. (2011) and Clark et al. (2019)
Oxymatrine	Inhibits keratinocyte proliferation and regulates immune response	Reduces PASI score, maintains normal keratinocyte function	Chen et al. (2017b)
Paeoniflorin	Regulates Th17 response and cytokine secretion, affects STAT3 phosphorylation	Decreases keratinocyte overgrowth and immune cell infiltration	Zhao et al. (2016)
INM-A	Reduces IL-17A levels, alleviates inflammation and oxidative stress	Improves skin conditions in IMQ-induced mice	Lee et al. (2024)